lustre/tests/mdsrate.c

   1 /* -*- mode: c; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*-
   2  * vim:expandtab:shiftwidth=8:tabstop=8:
   3  *
   4  * 2003, Copyright, Hewlett-Packard Development Compnay, LP.
   5  *
   6  * Developed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Government
   7  *     under Subcontract No. B514193
   8  */
   9
  10 /*
  11  * Copyright 2008 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
  12  * Use is subject to license terms.
  13  */
  14
  15 #include <stdio.h>
  16 #include <getopt.h>
  17 #include <libgen.h>
  18 #include <sys/types.h>
  19 #include <sys/stat.h>
  20 #include <time.h>
  21 #include <limits.h>
  22 #include <errno.h>
  23 #include <string.h>
  24 #include <fcntl.h>
  25 #include <unistd.h>
  26 #include <stdlib.h>
  27 #include <stdarg.h>
  28 #include <signal.h>
  29 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
  30 #include <dirent.h>
  31
  32 #include "mpi.h"
  33
  34 /* lustre */
  35 #include <liblustre.h>
  36 #include <lustre/liblustreapi.h>        /* for O_LOV_DELAY_CREATE */
  37
  38 #define CHECK_COUNT 10000
  39 #define DISPLAY_COUNT (CHECK_COUNT * 10)
  40 #define DISPLAY_TIME 100
  41
  42 enum {
  43         CREATE   = 'c',
  44         LOOKUP   = 'l',
  45         MKNOD    = 'm',
  46         OPEN     = 'o',
  47         STAT     = 's',
  48         UNLINK   = 'u',
  49         BEGIN    = 'b',
  50         ITERS    = 'i',
  51         TIME     = 't',
  52         DIRFMT   = 'd',
  53         NDIRS    = 'D',
  54         FILEFMT  = 'f',
  55         NFILES   = 'F',
  56         NOEXCL   = 'X',
  57         STRIPES  = 'S',
  58         SEED     = 'r',
  59         SEEDFILE = 'R',
  60         RANDOM   = 'A',
  61         READDIR  = 'B',
  62         RECREATE = 'C',
  63         VERBOSE  = 'V',
  64         DEBUG    = 'v',
  65         HELP     = 'h',
  66 };
  67
  68 struct option longOpts[] = {
  69         {"create",        0, NULL, CREATE     },
  70         {"lookup",        0, NULL, LOOKUP     },
  71         {"mknod",         0, NULL, MKNOD      },
  72         {"open",          0, NULL, OPEN       },
  73         {"stat",          0, NULL, STAT       },
  74         {"unlink",        0, NULL, UNLINK     },
  75         {"begin",         1, NULL, BEGIN      },
  76         {"iters",         1, NULL, ITERS      },
  77         {"time",          1, NULL, TIME       },   /* seconds */
  78         {"dirfmt",        1, NULL, DIRFMT     },
  79         {"ndirs",         1, NULL, NDIRS      },
  80         {"filefmt",       1, NULL, FILEFMT    },
  81         {"nfiles",        1, NULL, NFILES     },
  82         {"noexcl",        0, NULL, NOEXCL     },
  83         {"stripes",       1, NULL, STRIPES    },
  84         {"seed",          1, NULL, SEED       },
  85         {"seedfile",      1, NULL, SEEDFILE   },
  86         {"random_order",  0, NULL, RANDOM     },
  87         {"readdir_order", 0, NULL, READDIR    },
  88         {"recreate",      0, NULL, RECREATE   },
  89         {"verbose",       0, NULL, VERBOSE    },
  90         {"debug",         0, NULL, DEBUG      },
  91         {"help",          0, NULL, HELP       },
  92         { 0,              0, NULL, 0          }
  93 };
  94
  95 int foo1, foo2;
  96
  97 char   shortOpts[128];
  98 int    myrank = -1;
  99 int    nthreads = -1;
 100 char * prog;
 101 char   hostname[512] = "unknown";
 102 char   mode;
 103 char * cmd;
 104 int    openflags = O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL;
 105 int    ndirs = 1;
 106 char * dirfmt;
 107 char   dir[PATH_MAX];
 108 char   mkdir_cmd[PATH_MAX+14];
 109 int    dirthreads;
 110 int    dirnum;
 111 DIR *  directory;
 112 struct dirent *dir_entry;
 113 int    nfiles;
 114 char   filefmt[PATH_MAX];
 115 char   filename[PATH_MAX];
 116 int    stripes = -1;
 117 int    begin;
 118 int    beginsave;
 119 int    end;
 120 int    iters;
 121 int    seconds;
 122 int    alarm_caught;
 123 struct sigaction act;
 124 int    order = RANDOM;
 125 int    seed;
 126 int    recreate;
 127 int    verbose;
 128 int    debug;
 129 struct stat statbuf;
 130
 131 #define dmesg if (debug) printf
 132
 133 #define DISPLAY_PROGRESS() {                                                \
 134         if ((++nops % CHECK_COUNT) == 0 && verbose) {                       \
 135                 curTime = time(0);                                          \
 136                 interval = curTime - lastTime;                              \
 137                 if (interval > DISPLAY_TIME || nops % DISPLAY_COUNT == 0) { \
 138                         rate = (float)(nops - lastOps);                     \
 139                         if (interval > 1)                                   \
 140                                 rate /= (float)interval;                    \
 141                         printf("Rank %d: %.2f %ss/sec %lu secs "            \
 142                                "(total: %d %ss %lu secs)\n",                \
 143                                myrank, rate, cmd, interval,                 \
 144                                nops, cmd, curTime - startTime);             \
 145                         lastOps = nops;                                     \
 146                         lastTime = curTime;                                 \
 147                 }                                                           \
 148         }                                                                   \
 149 }
 150
 151 char *usage_msg = "usage: %s\n"
 152                   "    { --create [ --noexcl ] | --lookup | --mknod |\n"
 153                   "      --open | --stat | --unlink  [ --recreate ] }\n"
 154                   "    [ --help ] [ --verbose ] [ --debug ]\n"
 155                   "    { [ --begin <num> ] --nfiles <num> }\n"
 156                   "    [ --iters <num> ] [ --time <secs> ]\n"
 157                   "    [ --dirfmt <str> ] [ --ndirs  <num> ]\n"
 158                   "    [ --filefmt <str> ] [ --stripes <num> ]\n"
 159                   "    [ --random_order [--seed <num> | --seedfile <file>] ]\n"
 160                   "    [ --readdir_order ]\n";
 161
 162 static void
 163 usage(FILE *stream, char *fmt, ...)
 164 {
 165         if (myrank == 0) {
 166                 if (fmt != NULL) {
 167                         va_list       ap;
 168
 169                         fprintf(stream, "%s: ", prog);
 170                         va_start(ap, fmt);
 171                         vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
 172                         va_end(ap);
 173                 }
 174                 fprintf(stream, usage_msg, prog);
 175         }
 176
 177         MPI_Finalize();
 178         exit(stream == stderr);
 179 }
 180
 181 /* Print process myrank and message, and exit (i.e. a fatal error) */
 182 static int
 183 fatal(int rank, const char *fmt, ...)
 184 {
 185         if (rank == myrank) {
 186                 va_list       ap;
 187
 188                 fprintf(stderr, "rank %d: ", rank);
 189                 va_start(ap, fmt);
 190                 vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
 191                 va_end(ap);
 192         }
 193
 194         MPI_Abort(MPI_COMM_WORLD, 1);
 195         exit(1);
 196 }
 197
 198 static void
 199 sigalrm_handler(int signum)
 200 {
 201         alarm_caught++;
 202 }
 203
 204 /* HAVE_LLAPI_FILE_LOOKUP is defined by liblustreapi.h if this function is
 205  * defined therein.  Otherwise we can do the equivalent operation via ioctl
 206  * if we have access to a complete lustre build tree to get the various
 207  * definitions - then compile with USE_MDC_LOOKUP defined. */
 208 #if defined(HAVE_LLAPI_FILE_LOOKUP)
 209 #define HAVE_MDC_LOOKUP
 210 #elif defined(USE_MDC_LOOKUP)
 211 #include <config.h>
 212 #include <liblustre.h>
 213 #include <linux/lustre_lib.h>
 214
 215 int llapi_file_lookup(int dirfd, const char *name)
 216 {
 217         struct obd_ioctl_data data = { 0 };
 218         char rawbuf[8192];
 219         char *buf = rawbuf;
 220         int rc;
 221
 222         if (dirfd < 0 || name == NULL)
 223                 return -EINVAL;
 224
 225         data.ioc_version = OBD_IOCTL_VERSION;
 226         data.ioc_len = sizeof(data);
 227         data.ioc_inlbuf1 = name;
 228         data.ioc_inllen1 = strlen(name) + 1;
 229
 230         rc = obd_ioctl_pack(&data, &buf, sizeof(rawbuf));
 231         if (rc) {
 232                 fatal(myrank, "ioctl_pack failed: rc = %d\n", rc);
 233                 return rc;
 234         }
 235
 236         return ioctl(fd, IOC_MDC_LOOKUP, buf);
 237 }
 238 #define HAVE_MDC_LOOKUP
 239 #endif
 240
 241 static void
 242 process_args(int argc, char *argv[])
 243 {
 244         char   c, *cp, *endptr;
 245         int    i, index, offset, tmpend, rc;
 246         char   tmp[16];
 247         FILE * seed_file;
 248         struct option *opt;
 249
 250         setbuf(stdout, 0);
 251         setbuf(stderr, 0);
 252         prog = basename(argv[0]);
 253         strcpy(filefmt, "f%d");
 254         gethostname(hostname, sizeof(hostname));
 255
 256         /* auto create shortOpts rather than maintaining a static string. */
 257         for (opt = longOpts, cp = shortOpts; opt->name != NULL; opt++, cp++) {
 258                 *cp = opt->val;
 259                 if (opt->has_arg)
 260                         *++cp = ':';
 261         }
 262
 263         while ((c = getopt_long(argc,argv, shortOpts, longOpts,&index)) != -1) {
 264                 switch (c) {
 265                 case OPEN:
 266                         openflags &= ~(O_CREAT|O_EXCL);
 267                 case CREATE:
 268 #ifdef HAVE_MDC_LOOKUP
 269                 case LOOKUP:
 270 #endif
 271                 case MKNOD:
 272                 case STAT:
 273                 case UNLINK:
 274                         if (cmd != NULL) {
 275                                 fatal(0, "Invalid - more than one operation "
 276                                            "specified: --%s\n",
 277                                         longOpts[index].name);
 278                         }
 279                         mode = c;
 280                         cmd = (char *)longOpts[index].name;
 281                         break;
 282                 case NOEXCL:
 283                         if (mode != CREATE && mode != MKNOD) {
 284                                 usage(stderr, "--noexcl only applies to "
 285                                               "--create or --mknod.\n");
 286                         }
 287                         openflags &= ~O_EXCL;
 288                         break;
 289                 case RECREATE:
 290                         if (mode != UNLINK) {
 291                                 usage(stderr, "--recreate only makes sense"
 292                                               "with --unlink.\n");
 293                         }
 294                         recreate++;
 295                         break;
 296                 case BEGIN:
 297                         begin = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 298                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (begin < 0)) {
 299                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --start value.\n");
 300                         }
 301                         break;
 302                 case ITERS:
 303                         iters = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 304                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (iters <= 0)) {
 305                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --iters value.\n");
 306                         }
 307                         if (mode != LOOKUP && mode != OPEN && mode != STAT) {
 308                                 usage(stderr, "--iters only makes sense with "
 309                                               "--lookup, --open, or --stat.\n");
 310                         }
 311                         break;
 312                 case TIME:
 313                         seconds = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 314                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (seconds <= 0)) {
 315                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --time value.\n");
 316                         }
 317                         break;
 318                 case DIRFMT:
 319                         if (strlen(optarg) > (PATH_MAX - 16)) {
 320                                 fatal(0, "--dirfmt too long\n");
 321                         }
 322                         dirfmt = optarg;
 323                         break;
 324                 case NDIRS:
 325                         ndirs = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 326                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (ndirs <= 0)) {
 327                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --ndirs value.\n");
 328                         }
 329                         if ((ndirs > nthreads) &&
 330                             ((mode == CREATE) || (mode == MKNOD))) {
 331                                 fatal(0, "--ndirs=%d must be less than or "
 332                                       "equal to the number of threads (%d).\n",
 333                                       ndirs, nthreads);
 334                         }
 335                         break;
 336                 case FILEFMT:
 337                         if (strlen(optarg) > 4080) {
 338                                 fatal(0, "--filefmt too long\n");
 339                         }
 340
 341                         /* Use %%d where you want the file # in the name. */
 342                         sprintf(filefmt, optarg, myrank);
 343                         break;
 344                 case NFILES:
 345                         nfiles = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 346                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (nfiles <= 0)) {
 347                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --nfiles value.\n");
 348                         }
 349                         break;
 350                 case STRIPES:
 351                         stripes = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 352                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (stripes < 0)) {
 353                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --stripes value.\n");
 354                         }
 355
 356                         if (stripes == 0) {
 357                                 openflags |= O_LOV_DELAY_CREATE;
 358                         } else {
 359                                 fatal(0, "non-zero --stripes value "
 360                                          "not yet supported.\n");
 361                         }
 362
 363                         break;
 364                 case SEED:
 365                         seed = strtoul(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 366                         if (*endptr) {
 367                                 fatal(0, "bad --seed option %s\n", optarg);
 368                         }
 369                         break;
 370                 case SEEDFILE:
 371                         seed_file = fopen(optarg, "r");
 372                         if (!seed_file) {
 373                               fatal(myrank, "fopen(%s) error: %s\n",
 374                                       optarg, strerror(errno));
 375                         }
 376
 377                         for (i = -1; fgets(tmp, 16, seed_file) != NULL;) {
 378                                 if (++i == myrank)
 379                                         break;
 380                         }
 381
 382                         if (i == myrank) {
 383                                 rc = sscanf(tmp, "%d", &seed);
 384                                 if ((rc != 1) || (seed < 0)) {
 385                                         fatal(myrank, "Invalid seed value '%s' "
 386                                               "at line %d in %s.\n",
 387                                               tmp, i, optarg);
 388                                 }
 389                         } else {
 390                                 fatal(myrank, "File '%s' too short. Does not "
 391                                       "contain a seed for thread %d.\n",
 392                                       optarg, myrank);
 393                         }
 394
 395                         fclose(seed_file);
 396                         break;
 397                 case RANDOM:
 398                 case READDIR:
 399                         if (mode != LOOKUP && mode != OPEN && mode != STAT)  {
 400                                 fatal(0, "--%s can only be specified with "
 401                                          "--lookup, --open, or --stat.\n",
 402                                       (char *)longOpts[index].name);
 403                         }
 404                         order = c;
 405                         break;
 406                 case DEBUG:
 407                         ++debug;
 408                 case VERBOSE:
 409                         ++verbose;
 410                         break;
 411                 case HELP:
 412                         usage(stdout, NULL);
 413                 default:
 414                         usage(stderr, "unrecognized option: '%c'.\n", optopt);
 415                 }
 416         }
 417
 418         if (optind < argc) {
 419                 usage(stderr, "too many arguments %d >= %d.\n", optind, argc);
 420         }
 421
 422         if (mode == CREATE || mode == MKNOD || mode == UNLINK) {
 423                 if (seconds != 0) {
 424                         if (nfiles == 0)
 425                                 nfiles = INT_MAX;
 426                 } else if (nfiles == 0) {
 427                         usage(stderr, "--nfiles or --time must be specified "
 428                                       "with %s.\n", cmd);
 429                 }
 430         } else if (mode == LOOKUP || mode == OPEN || mode == STAT) {
 431                 if (seconds != 0) {
 432                         if (iters == 0)
 433                                 iters = INT_MAX;
 434                 } else if (iters == 0) {
 435                         usage(stderr, "--iters or --time must be specifed "
 436                                       "with %s.\n", cmd);
 437                 }
 438
 439                 if (nfiles == 0) {
 440                         usage(stderr, "--nfiles must be specifed with --%s.\n",
 441                               cmd);
 442                 }
 443
 444                 if (seed == 0) {
 445                         int fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
 446
 447                         if (fd >= 0) {
 448                                 if (read(fd, &seed, sizeof(seed)) <
 449                                     sizeof(seed))
 450                                         seed = time(0);
 451                                 close(fd);
 452                         } else {
 453                                 seed = time(0);
 454                         }
 455                 }
 456
 457                 srand(seed);
 458
 459                 dmesg("%s: rank %d seed %d (%s).\n", prog, myrank, seed,
 460                       (order == RANDOM) ? "random_order" : "readdir_order");
 461         } else {
 462                 usage(stderr, "one --create, --mknod, --open, --stat,"
 463 #ifdef HAVE_MDC_LOOKUP
 464                       " --lookup,"
 465 #endif
 466                       " or --unlink must be specifed.");
 467         }
 468
 469         /* support for multiple threads in a dir, set begin/end appropriately.*/
 470         dirnum = myrank % ndirs;
 471         dirthreads = nthreads / ndirs;
 472         if (nthreads > (ndirs * dirthreads + dirnum))
 473                 ++dirthreads;
 474
 475         offset = myrank / ndirs;
 476
 477         tmpend = begin + nfiles - 1;
 478         if (tmpend <= 0)
 479                 tmpend = INT_MAX;
 480
 481         end = begin + (nfiles / dirthreads) * dirthreads + offset;
 482         if ((end > tmpend) || (end <= 0))
 483                 end -= dirthreads;
 484
 485         begin += offset;
 486         if (begin < 0)
 487                 begin = INT_MAX;
 488
 489         beginsave = begin;
 490
 491         dmesg("%d: iters %d nfiles %d time %d begin %d end %d dirthreads %d."
 492               "\n", myrank, iters, nfiles, seconds, begin, end, dirthreads);
 493
 494         if (dirfmt == NULL) {
 495                 strcpy(dir, ".");
 496         } else {
 497                 sprintf(dir, dirfmt, dirnum);
 498
 499                 sprintf(mkdir_cmd, "/bin/mkdir -p %s", dir);
 500                 #ifdef _LIGHTWEIGHT_KERNEL
 501                         printf("NOTICE: not running system(%s)\n", mkdir_cmd);
 502                 #else
 503                         rc = system(mkdir_cmd);
 504                         if (rc) {
 505                                 fatal(myrank, "'%s' failed.\n", mkdir_cmd);
 506                         }
 507                 #endif
 508
 509                 rc = chdir(dir);
 510                 if (rc) {
 511                         fatal(myrank, "unable to chdir to '%s'.\n", dir);
 512                 }
 513         }
 514 }
 515
 516 static inline char *next_file()
 517 {
 518         if (order == RANDOM) {
 519                 sprintf(filename, filefmt, random() % nfiles);
 520                 return(filename);
 521         }
 522
 523         /* readdir order */
 524
 525         dir_entry = readdir(directory);
 526         if (dir_entry == NULL) {
 527                 rewinddir(directory);
 528                 while ((dir_entry = readdir(directory)) != NULL) {
 529                         if (dir_entry->d_name[0] != '.')
 530                                 return(dir_entry->d_name);
 531                 }
 532
 533                 fatal(myrank, "unable to read directory %s (%s).\n",
 534                       dir, strerror(errno));
 535         }
 536
 537         return(dir_entry->d_name);
 538 }
 539
 540 int
 541 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 542 {
 543         int    i, j, fd, rc, nops, lastOps, ag_ops;
 544         float  rate, ag_rate;
 545         time_t startTime, lastTime, curTime, interval;
 546         char * file;
 547
 548         rc = MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);
 549         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 550                 fatal(myrank, "MPI_Init failed: %d\n", rc);
 551
 552         rc = MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &nthreads);
 553         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 554                 fatal(myrank, "MPI_Comm_size failed: %d\n", rc);
 555
 556         rc = MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &myrank);
 557         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 558                 fatal(myrank, "MPI_Comm_rank failed: %d\n", rc);
 559
 560         process_args(argc, argv);
 561
 562         startTime = time(0);
 563         if ((myrank == 0) || debug) {
 564                 printf("%d: %s starting at %s",
 565                        myrank, hostname, ctime(&startTime));
 566         }
 567
 568         /* if we're not measuring creation rates then precreate
 569          * the files we're operating on. */
 570         if ((mode != CREATE) && (mode != MKNOD)) {
 571                 /* create the files in reverse order. When we encounter
 572                  * a file that already exists, assume the remainder of
 573                  * the files exist to save time. The timed performance
 574                  * test scripts make use of this behavior. */
 575                 for (i = end, j = 0; i >= begin; i -= dirthreads) {
 576                         sprintf(filename, filefmt, i);
 577                         fd = open(filename, openflags, 0644);
 578                         if (fd < 0) {
 579                                 if (errno == EEXIST)
 580                                         break;
 581                                 rc = errno;
 582                                 fatal(myrank, "precreate open(%s) error: %s\n",
 583                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 584                         }
 585                         j++;
 586                         close(fd);
 587                 }
 588                 dmesg("%d: %s pre-created %d files.\n",myrank,hostname,j);
 589
 590                 rc = MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
 591                 if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 592                         fatal(myrank, "prep MPI_Barrier failed: %d\n", rc);
 593         }
 594
 595         if (order == READDIR) {
 596                 directory = opendir(dir);
 597                 if (directory == NULL) {
 598                         rc = errno;
 599                         fatal(myrank, "opendir(%s) error: %s\n",
 600                               dir, strerror(rc));
 601                 }
 602
 603                 startTime = time(0);
 604                 j = random() % nfiles;
 605                 dmesg("%d: %s initializing dir offset %u: %s",
 606                       myrank, hostname, j, ctime(&startTime));
 607
 608                 for (i = 0; i <= j; i++) {
 609                         if ((dir_entry = readdir(directory)) == NULL) {
 610                                 fatal(myrank, "could not read entry number %d "
 611                                       "in directory %s.\n", i, dir);
 612                         }
 613                 }
 614
 615                 lastTime = time(0);
 616                 dmesg("%d: index %d, filename %s, offset %ld: "
 617                       "%s initialization complete: %s",
 618                       myrank, i, dir_entry->d_name, telldir(directory),
 619                       hostname, ctime(&lastTime));
 620         }
 621
 622         rc = MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
 623         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 624                 fatal(myrank, "prep MPI_Barrier failed: %d\n", rc);
 625
 626         if (seconds) {
 627                 act.sa_handler = sigalrm_handler;
 628                 (void)sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
 629                 act.sa_flags = 0;
 630                 sigaction(SIGALRM, &act, NULL);
 631                 alarm(seconds);
 632         }
 633
 634         startTime = lastTime = time(0);
 635         nops = lastOps = 0;
 636
 637         switch (mode) {
 638         case CREATE:
 639                 for (; begin <= end && !alarm_caught; begin += dirthreads) {
 640                         sprintf(filename, filefmt, begin);
 641                         if ((fd = open(filename, openflags, 0644)) < 0) {
 642                                 if (((rc = errno) == EINTR) && alarm_caught)
 643                                         break;
 644                                 fatal(myrank, "open(%s) error: %s\n",
 645                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 646                         }
 647
 648                         close(fd);
 649                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 650                 }
 651
 652                 dmesg("%d: created %d files, last file '%s'.\n",
 653                       myrank, nops, filename);
 654                 break;
 655 #ifdef HAVE_MDC_LOOKUP
 656         case LOOKUP:
 657                 fd = open(dir, O_RDONLY);
 658                 if (fd < 0) {
 659                         fatal(myrank, "open(dir == '%s') error: %s\n",
 660                               dir, strerror(errno));
 661                 }
 662
 663                 for (; nops < iters && !alarm_caught;) {
 664                         char *filename = next_file();
 665                         rc = llapi_file_lookup(fd, filename);
 666                         if (rc < 0) {
 667                                 if (((rc = errno) == EINTR) && alarm_caught)
 668                                         break;
 669                                 fatal(myrank, "llapi_file_lookup(%s) "
 670                                       "error: %s\n", filename, strerror(rc));
 671                         }
 672
 673                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 674                 }
 675                 break;
 676 #endif
 677         case MKNOD:
 678                 for (; begin <= end && !alarm_caught; begin += dirthreads) {
 679                         sprintf(filename, filefmt, begin);
 680                         rc = mknod(filename, S_IFREG| 0644, 0);
 681                         if (rc) {
 682                                 if (((rc = errno) == EINTR) && alarm_caught)
 683                                         break;
 684                                 fatal(myrank, "mknod(%s) error: %s\n",
 685                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 686                         }
 687
 688                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 689                 }
 690                 break;
 691         case OPEN:
 692                 for (; nops < iters && !alarm_caught;) {
 693                         file = next_file();
 694                         if ((fd = open(file, openflags, 0644)) < 0) {
 695                                 if (((rc = errno) == EINTR) && alarm_caught)
 696                                         break;
 697                                 fatal(myrank, "open(%s) error: %s\n",
 698                                       file, strerror(rc));
 699                         }
 700
 701                         close(fd);
 702
 703                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 704                 }
 705                 break;
 706         case STAT:
 707                 for (; nops < iters && !alarm_caught;) {
 708                         rc = stat(file = next_file(), &statbuf);
 709                         if (rc) {
 710                                 if (((rc = errno) == EINTR) && alarm_caught)
 711                                         break;
 712                                 fatal(myrank, "stat(%s) error: %s\n",
 713                                       file, strerror(rc));
 714                         }
 715
 716                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 717                 }
 718                 break;
 719         case UNLINK:
 720                 for (; begin <= end && !alarm_caught; begin += dirthreads) {
 721                         sprintf(filename, filefmt, begin);
 722                         rc = unlink(filename);
 723                         if (rc) {
 724                                 if (((rc = errno) == EINTR) && alarm_caught)
 725                                         break;
 726                                 fatal(myrank, "unlink(%s) error: %s\n",
 727                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 728                         }
 729
 730                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 731                 }
 732                 break;
 733         }
 734
 735         curTime = time(0);
 736         interval = curTime - startTime;
 737         rate = (float)(nops);
 738         if (interval != 0)
 739                 rate /= (float)interval;
 740
 741         rc = MPI_Reduce(&nops, &ag_ops, 1, MPI_INT, MPI_SUM, 0,
 742                         MPI_COMM_WORLD);
 743         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS) {
 744                 fatal(myrank, "Failure in MPI_Reduce of total ops.\n");
 745         }
 746
 747         rc = MPI_Reduce(&rate, &ag_rate, 1, MPI_FLOAT, MPI_SUM, 0,
 748                         MPI_COMM_WORLD);
 749         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS) {
 750                 fatal(myrank, "Failure in MPI_Reduce of aggregated rate.\n");
 751         }
 752
 753         if (myrank == 0) {
 754                 printf("Rate: %.2f %ss/sec (total: %d threads %d %ss %lu secs)"
 755                        "\n", ag_rate, cmd, nthreads, ag_ops, cmd, interval);
 756         }
 757
 758         if (recreate) {
 759                 for (begin = beginsave; begin <= end; begin += dirthreads) {
 760                         sprintf(filename, filefmt, begin);
 761                         if ((fd = open(filename, openflags, 0644)) < 0) {
 762                                 rc = errno;
 763                                 if (rc == EEXIST)
 764                                         break;
 765                                 fatal(myrank, "recreate open(%s) error: %s\n",
 766                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 767                         }
 768
 769                         close(fd);
 770                 }
 771         }
 772
 773         curTime = time(0);
 774         if ((myrank == 0) || debug) {
 775                 printf("%d: %s finished at %s",
 776                        myrank, hostname, ctime(&curTime));
 777         }
 778
 779         MPI_Finalize();
 780         return(0);
 781 }