.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.B e2image
-program will save critical ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystem metadata located on
-.I device
-to a file specified by
+program will save critical ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystem metadata located on
+.I device
+to a file specified by
.IR image-file .
-The image file may be examined by
+The image file may be examined by
.B dumpe2fs
and
.BR debugfs ,
e2fsck will be enhanced to be able to use the image file to help
recover a badly damaged filesystem.
.PP
-If
+If
.I image-file
-is \-, then the output of
+is \-, then the output of
.B e2image
will be sent to standard output, so that the output can be piped to
-another program, such as
-.BR gzip (1).
+another program, such as
+.BR gzip (1).
(Note that this is currently only supported when
-creating a raw image file using the
+creating a raw image file using the
.B \-r
option, since the process of creating a normal image file, or QCOW2
image currently
.PP
It is a very good idea to create image files for all of
filesystems on a system and save the partition
-layout (which can be generated using the
+layout (which can be generated using the
.B fdisk \-l
command) at regular intervals --- at boot time, and/or every week or so.
The image file should be stored on some filesystem other than
the filesystem whose data it contains, to ensure that this data is
accessible in the case where the filesystem has been badly damaged.
.PP
-To save disk space,
+To save disk space,
.B e2image
creates the image file as a sparse file, or in QCOW2 format.
Hence, if the sparse image file
needs to be copied to another location, it should
-either be compressed first or copied using the
+either be compressed first or copied using the
.B \-\-sparse=always
-option to the GNU version of
+option to the GNU version of
.BR cp .
This does not apply to the QCOW2 image, which is not sparse.
.PP
.PP
.SH RESTORING FILESYSTEM METADATA USING AN IMAGE FILE
.PP
-The
-.B \-I
+The
+.B \-I
option will cause e2image to install the metadata stored in the image
-file back to the device. It can be used to restore the filesystem metadata
+file back to the device. It can be used to restore the filesystem metadata
back to the device in emergency situations.
.PP
.B WARNING!!!!
The
-.B \-I
+.B \-I
option should only be used as a desperation measure when other
alternatives have failed. If the filesystem has changed since the image
file was created, data
strategies afterwards.
.PP
.SH RAW IMAGE FILES
-The
+The
.B \-r
-option will create a raw image file instead of a normal image file.
+option will create a raw image file instead of a normal image file.
A raw image file differs
from a normal image file in two ways. First, the filesystem metadata is
placed in the proper position so that e2fsck, dumpe2fs, debugfs,
-etc. can be run directly on the raw image file. In order to minimize
+etc.\& can be run directly on the raw image file. In order to minimize
the amount of disk space consumed by a raw image file, the file is
created as a sparse file. (Beware of copying or
compressing/decompressing this file with utilities that don't understand
recommended command is as follows (replace hda1 with the appropriate device):
.PP
.br
-\ \fBe2image \-r /dev/hda1 \- | bzip2 > hda1.e2i.bz2\fR
+ \fBe2image \-r /dev/hda1 \- | bzip2 > hda1.e2i.bz2\fR
.PP
-This will only send the metadata information, without any data blocks.
+This will only send the metadata information, without any data blocks.
However, the filenames in the directory blocks can still reveal
information about the contents of the filesystem that the bug reporter
may wish to keep confidential. To address this concern, the
.B \-s
option can be specified. This will cause
-.B e2image
+.B e2image
to scramble directory entries and zero out any unused portions
of the directory blocks before writing the image file. However,
-the
+the
.B \-s
option will prevent analysis of problems related to hash-tree indexed
directories.
.BR qemu-img .
.PP
.SH AUTHOR
-.B e2image
+.B e2image
was written by Theodore Ts'o (tytso@mit.edu).
.SH AVAILABILITY
.B e2image
-is part of the e2fsprogs package and is available from
+is part of the e2fsprogs package and is available from
http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR dumpe2fs (8),
.B \-fFpPM
]
[
-.B \-d
+.B \-d
.I debug-flags
]
[
.I size
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The
-.B resize2fs
+The
+.B resize2fs
program will resize ext2, ext3, or ext4 file systems. It can be used to
-enlarge or shrink an unmounted file system located on
+enlarge or shrink an unmounted file system located on
.IR device .
If the filesystem is mounted, it can be used to expand the size of the
mounted filesystem, assuming the kernel supports on-line resizing. (As
of this writing, the Linux 2.6 kernel supports on-line resize for
filesystems mounted using ext3 and ext4.).
.PP
-The
+The
.I size
parameter specifies the requested new size of the filesystem.
If no units are specified, the units of the
.I size
parameter shall be the filesystem blocksize of the filesystem.
-Optionally, the
+Optionally, the
.I size
-parameter may be suffixed by one of the following the units
+parameter may be suffixed by one of the following the units
designators: 's', 'K', 'M', or 'G',
for 512 byte sectors, kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, respectively.
-The
+The
.I size
of the filesystem may never be larger than the size of the partition.
-If
+If
.I size
parameter is not specified, it will default to the size of the partition.
.PP
.B resize2fs
program does not manipulate the size of partitions. If you wish to enlarge
a filesystem, you must make sure you can expand the size of the
-underlying partition first. This can be done using
+underlying partition first. This can be done using
.BR fdisk (8)
by deleting the partition and recreating it with a larger size or using
.BR lvextend (8),
if you're using the logical volume manager
.BR lvm (8).
-When
+When
recreating the partition, make sure you create it with the same starting
-disk cylinder as before! Otherwise, the resize operation will
-certainly not work, and you may lose your entire filesystem.
+disk cylinder as before! Otherwise, the resize operation will
+certainly not work, and you may lose your entire filesystem.
After running
.BR fdisk (8),
-run resize2fs to resize the ext2 filesystem
+run resize2fs to resize the ext2 filesystem
to use all of the space in the newly enlarged partition.
.PP
-If you wish to shrink an ext2 partition, first use
+If you wish to shrink an ext2 partition, first use
.B resize2fs
-to shrink the size of filesystem. Then you may use
+to shrink the size of filesystem. Then you may use
.BR fdisk (8)
-to shrink the size of the partition. When shrinking the size of
-the partition, make sure you do not make it smaller than the new size
+to shrink the size of the partition. When shrinking the size of
+the partition, make sure you do not make it smaller than the new size
of the ext2 filesystem!
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.B \-d \fIdebug-flags
-Turns on various resize2fs debugging features, if they have been compiled
+Turns on various resize2fs debugging features, if they have been compiled
into the binary.
.I debug-flags
-should be computed by adding the numbers of the desired features
+should be computed by adding the numbers of the desired features
from the following list:
.br
-\ 2\ \-\ Debug block relocations
+ 2 \-\ Debug block relocations
.br
-\ 4\ \-\ Debug inode relocations
+ 4 \-\ Debug inode relocations
.br
-\ 8\ \-\ Debug moving the inode table
+ 8 \-\ Debug moving the inode table
.TP
.B \-f
-Forces resize2fs to proceed with the filesystem resize operation, overriding
+Forces resize2fs to proceed with the filesystem resize operation, overriding
some safety checks which resize2fs normally enforces.
.TP
.B \-F
Flush the filesystem device's buffer caches before beginning. Only
-really useful for doing
+really useful for doing
.B resize2fs
time trials.
.TP
.B \-p
Prints out a percentage completion bars for each
.B resize2fs
-operation during an offline resize, so that the user can keep track
+operation during an offline resize, so that the user can keep track
of what the program is doing.
.TP
.B \-P
was written by Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>.
.SH COPYRIGHT
Resize2fs is Copyright 1998 by Theodore Ts'o and PowerQuest, Inc. All
-rights reserved.
+rights reserved.
As of April, 2000
.B Resize2fs
may be redistributed under the terms of the GPL.
.BR fdisk (8),
.BR e2fsck (8),
.BR mke2fs (8),
-.BR lvm (8),
+.BR lvm (8),
.BR lvextend (8)
git://git.whamcloud.com / tools / e2fsprogs.git / commitdiff