.I \-c
Specifies that the file system should be opened in catastrophic mode, in
which the inode and group bitmaps are not read initially. This can be
-useful for filesystems with significant corruption, but because of this,
-catastrophic mode forces the filesystem to be opened read-only.
+useful for file systems with significant corruption, but because of this,
+catastrophic mode forces the file system to be opened read-only.
.TP
.I \-i
Specifies that
.I -s superblock
Causes the file system superblock to be read from the given block
number, instead of using the primary superblock (located at an offset of
-1024 bytes from the beginning of the filesystem). If you specify the
+1024 bytes from the beginning of the file system). If you specify the
.I -s
-option, you must also provide the blocksize of the filesystem via the
+option, you must also provide the blocksize of the file system via the
.I -b
option. (This
option is rarely needed; it is used primarily when the file system is
commands take a
.I filespec
as an argument to specify an inode (as opposed to a pathname)
-in the filesystem which is currently opened by
+in the file system which is currently opened by
.BR debugfs .
The
.I filespec
number surrounded by angle brackets, e.g.,
.IR <2> .
The second form is a pathname; if the pathname is prefixed by a forward slash
-('/'), then it is interpreted relative to the root of the filesystem
+('/'), then it is interpreted relative to the root of the file system
which is currently opened by
.BR debugfs .
If not, the pathname is
in the inode
.IR filespec .
If the
-.I -a
+.I \-a
flag is specified, try to allocate a block if necessary.
.TP
-.BI block_dump " [-f filespec] block_num"
-Dump the filesystem block given by
+.BI block_dump " '[ -x ] [-f filespec] block_num"
+Dump the file system block given by
.I block_num
in hex and ASCII format to the console. If the
-.I -f
+.I \-f
option is specified, the block number is relative to the start of the given
.BR filespec .
+If the
+.I \-x
+option is specified, the block is interpreted as an extended attribute
+block and printed to show the structure of extended attribute data
+structures.
.TP
.BI cat " filespec"
Dump the contents of the inode
.IR filename .
.TP
.BI dirty " [-clean]"
-Mark the filesystem as dirty, so that the superblocks will be written on exit.
+Mark the file system as dirty, so that the superblocks will be written on exit.
Additionally, clear the superblock's valid flag, or set it if
.I -clean
is specified.
must be in UUID format.
.TP
.BI dump_extents " [-n] [-l] filespec"
-Dump the the extent tree of the inode
+Dump the extent tree of the inode
.IR filespec .
The
.I -n
.IP
(Please note that the length and range of blocks for the last extent in
an interior node is an estimate by the extents library functions, and is
-not stored in filesystem data structures. Hence, the values displayed
+not stored in file system data structures. Hence, the values displayed
may not necessarily by accurate and does not indicate a problem or
corruption in the file system.)
.TP
mappings are left alone.
.TP
.BI feature " [fs_feature] [-fs_feature] ..."
-Set or clear various filesystem features in the superblock. After setting
-or clearing any filesystem features that were requested, print the current
-state of the filesystem feature set.
+Set or clear various file system features in the superblock. After setting
+or clearing any file system features that were requested, print the current
+state of the file system feature set.
.TP
.BI filefrag " [-dvr] filespec"
Print the number of contiguous extents in
Print a listing of the inodes which use the one or more blocks specified
on the command line.
.TP
-.BI inode_dump " [-b]|[-e] filespec"
+.BI inode_dump " [-b]|[-e]|[-x] filespec"
Print the contents of the inode data structure in hex and ASCII format.
The
.I \-b
array. The
.I \-e
option causes the command to only dump the contents of the extra inode
-space, which is used to store in-line extended attributes.
+space, which is used to store in-line extended attributes. The
+.I \-x
+option causes the command to dump the extra inode space interpreted and
+extended attributes. This is useful to debug corrupted inodes
+containing extended attributes.
.TP
.BI imap " filespec"
Print the location of the inode data structure (in the inode table)
.B debugfs
process to
.I directory
-on the native filesystem.
+on the native file system.
.TP
.BI list_quota " quota_type"
Display quota information for given quota type (user, group, or project).
entry to make sure it matches the inode's type.
.TP
.BI open " [-weficD] [-b blocksize] [-d image_filename] [-s superblock] [-z undo_file] device"
-Open a filesystem for editing. The
+Open a file system for editing. The
.I -f
-flag forces the filesystem to be opened even if there are some unknown
-or incompatible filesystem features which would normally
-prevent the filesystem from being opened. The
+flag forces the file system to be opened even if there are some unknown
+or incompatible file system features which would normally
+prevent the file system from being opened. The
.I -e
-flag causes the filesystem to be opened in exclusive mode. The
+flag causes the file system to be opened in exclusive mode. The
.IR -b ", " -c ", " -d ", " -i ", " -s ", " -w ", and " -D
options behave the same as the command-line options to
.BR debugfs .
and all its contents (including regular files, symbolic links, and other
directories) into the named
.IR destination ,
-which should be an existing directory on the native filesystem.
+which should be an existing directory on the native file system.
.TP
.BI rm " pathname"
Unlink
.BR set_bg .
.TP
.BI set_current_time " time"
-Set current time in seconds since Unix epoch to use when setting filesystem
+Set current time in seconds since Unix epoch to use when setting file system
fields.
.TP
.BI seti " filespec [num]"
.B show_debugfs_params
Display
.B debugfs
-parameters such as information about currently opened filesystem.
+parameters such as information about currently opened file system.
.TP
.BI show_super_stats " [-h]"
List the contents of the super block and the block group descriptors. If the
.IR filespec .
.TP
.B supported_features
-Display filesystem features supported by this version of
+Display file system features supported by this version of
.BR debugfs .
.TP
.BI testb " block [count]"
.B link
command to link the inode to the destination pathname, or use
.B e2fsck
-to check the filesystem and link all of the recovered inodes to the
+to check the file system and link all of the recovered inodes to the
lost+found directory.
.TP
.BI unlink " pathname"
.BI write " source_file out_file"
Copy the contents of
.I source_file
-into a newly-created file in the filesystem named
+into a newly-created file in the file system named
.IR out_file .
.TP
.BI zap_block " [-f filespec] [-o offset] [-l length] [-p pattern] block_num"