misc/dumpe2fs.c

   1 /*
   2  * dumpe2fs.c           - List the control structures of a second
   3  *                        extended filesystem
   4  *
   5  * Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994  Remy Card <card@masi.ibp.fr>
   6  *                                 Laboratoire MASI, Institut Blaise Pascal
   7  *                                 Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI)
   8  *
   9  * Copyright 1995, 1996, 1997 by Theodore Ts'o.
  10  *
  11  * %Begin-Header%
  12  * This file may be redistributed under the terms of the GNU Public
  13  * License.
  14  * %End-Header%
  15  */
  16
  17 /*
  18  * History:
  19  * 94/01/09     - Creation
  20  * 94/02/27     - Ported to use the ext2fs library
  21  */
  22
  23 #include "config.h"
  24 #ifdef HAVE_GETOPT_H
  25 #include <getopt.h>
  26 #else
  27 extern char *optarg;
  28 extern int optind;
  29 #endif
  30 #include <fcntl.h>
  31 #include <stdio.h>
  32 #include <stdlib.h>
  33 #include <string.h>
  34 #include <unistd.h>
  35
  36 #include "ext2fs/ext2_fs.h"
  37
  38 #include "ext2fs/ext2fs.h"
  39 #include "e2p/e2p.h"
  40 #include "jfs_user.h"
  41 #include <uuid/uuid.h>
  42
  43 #include "../version.h"
  44 #include "nls-enable.h"
  45
  46 #define in_use(m, x)    (ext2fs_test_bit ((x), (m)))
  47
  48 const char * program_name = "dumpe2fs";
  49 char * device_name = NULL;
  50 int hex_format = 0;
  51
  52 static void usage(void)
  53 {
  54         fprintf (stderr, _("Usage: %s [-bfhixV] [-o superblock=<num>] "
  55                  "[-o blocksize=<num>] device\n"), program_name);
  56         exit (1);
  57 }
  58
  59 static void print_number(unsigned long num)
  60 {
  61         if (hex_format)
  62                 printf("0x%04lx", num);
  63         else
  64                 printf("%lu", num);
  65 }
  66
  67 static void print_range(unsigned long long a, unsigned long long b)
  68 {
  69         if (hex_format)
  70                 printf("0x%llx-0x%llx", a, b);
  71         else
  72                 printf("%llu-%llu", a, b);
  73 }
  74
  75 static void print_free(unsigned long group, char * bitmap,
  76                        unsigned long num, unsigned long offset, int ratio)
  77 {
  78         int p = 0;
  79         unsigned long i;
  80         unsigned long j;
  81
  82         offset /= ratio;
  83         offset += group * num;
  84         for (i = 0; i < num; i++)
  85                 if (!in_use (bitmap, i))
  86                 {
  87                         if (p)
  88                                 printf (", ");
  89                         print_number((i + offset) * ratio);
  90                         for (j = i; j < num && !in_use (bitmap, j); j++)
  91                                 ;
  92                         if (--j != i) {
  93                                 fputc('-', stdout);
  94                                 print_number((j + offset) * ratio);
  95                                 i = j;
  96                         }
  97                         p = 1;
  98                 }
  99 }
 100
 101 static void print_bg_opt(int bg_flags, int mask,
 102                           const char *str, int *first)
 103 {
 104         if (bg_flags & mask) {
 105                 if (*first) {
 106                         fputs(" [", stdout);
 107                         *first = 0;
 108                 } else
 109                         fputs(", ", stdout);
 110                 fputs(str, stdout);
 111         }
 112 }
 113 static void print_bg_opts(ext2_filsys fs, dgrp_t i)
 114 {
 115         int first = 1, bg_flags = 0;
 116
 117         if (fs->super->s_feature_ro_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_GDT_CSUM)
 118                 bg_flags = ext2fs_bg_flags(fs, i);
 119
 120         print_bg_opt(bg_flags, EXT2_BG_INODE_UNINIT, "INODE_UNINIT",
 121                      &first);
 122         print_bg_opt(bg_flags, EXT2_BG_BLOCK_UNINIT, "BLOCK_UNINIT",
 123                      &first);
 124         print_bg_opt(bg_flags, EXT2_BG_INODE_ZEROED, "ITABLE_ZEROED",
 125                      &first);
 126         if (!first)
 127                 fputc(']', stdout);
 128         fputc('\n', stdout);
 129 }
 130
 131 static void print_bg_rel_offset(ext2_filsys fs, blk64_t block, int itable,
 132                                 blk64_t first_block, blk64_t last_block)
 133 {
 134         if ((block >= first_block) && (block <= last_block)) {
 135                 if (itable && block == first_block)
 136                         return;
 137                 printf(" (+%u)", (unsigned)(block - first_block));
 138         } else if (fs->super->s_feature_incompat &
 139                    EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FLEX_BG) {
 140                 dgrp_t flex_grp = ext2fs_group_of_blk(fs, block);
 141                 printf(" (bg #%u + %u)", flex_grp,
 142                        (unsigned)(block-ext2fs_group_first_block(fs,flex_grp)));
 143         }
 144 }
 145
 146 static void list_desc (ext2_filsys fs)
 147 {
 148         unsigned long i;
 149         blk64_t first_block, last_block;
 150         blk64_t super_blk, old_desc_blk, new_desc_blk;
 151         char *block_bitmap=NULL, *inode_bitmap=NULL;
 152         const char *units = _("blocks");
 153         int inode_blocks_per_group, old_desc_blocks, reserved_gdt;
 154         int             block_nbytes, inode_nbytes;
 155         int has_super;
 156         blk64_t         blk_itr = EXT2FS_B2C(fs, fs->super->s_first_data_block);
 157         ext2_ino_t      ino_itr = 1;
 158
 159         if (EXT2_HAS_RO_COMPAT_FEATURE(fs->super,
 160                                        EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_BIGALLOC))
 161                 units = _("clusters");
 162
 163         block_nbytes = EXT2_CLUSTERS_PER_GROUP(fs->super) / 8;
 164         inode_nbytes = EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(fs->super) / 8;
 165
 166         if (fs->block_map)
 167                 block_bitmap = malloc(block_nbytes);
 168         if (fs->inode_map)
 169                 inode_bitmap = malloc(inode_nbytes);
 170
 171         inode_blocks_per_group = ((fs->super->s_inodes_per_group *
 172                                    EXT2_INODE_SIZE(fs->super)) +
 173                                   EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(fs->super) - 1) /
 174                                  EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(fs->super);
 175         reserved_gdt = fs->super->s_reserved_gdt_blocks;
 176         fputc('\n', stdout);
 177         first_block = fs->super->s_first_data_block;
 178         if (fs->super->s_feature_incompat & EXT2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_META_BG)
 179                 old_desc_blocks = fs->super->s_first_meta_bg;
 180         else
 181                 old_desc_blocks = fs->desc_blocks;
 182         for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
 183                 first_block = ext2fs_group_first_block2(fs, i);
 184                 last_block = ext2fs_group_last_block2(fs, i);
 185
 186                 ext2fs_super_and_bgd_loc2(fs, i, &super_blk,
 187                                           &old_desc_blk, &new_desc_blk, 0);
 188
 189                 printf (_("Group %lu: (Blocks "), i);
 190                 print_range(first_block, last_block);
 191                 fputs(")", stdout);
 192                 print_bg_opts(fs, i);
 193                 if (fs->super->s_feature_ro_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_GDT_CSUM) {
 194                         unsigned csum = ext2fs_bg_checksum(fs, i);
 195                         unsigned exp_csum = ext2fs_group_desc_csum(fs, i);
 196
 197                         printf(_("  Checksum 0x%04x"), csum);
 198                         if (csum != exp_csum)
 199                                 printf(_(" (EXPECTED 0x%04x)"), exp_csum);
 200                         printf(_(", unused inodes %u\n"),
 201                                ext2fs_bg_itable_unused(fs, i));
 202                 }
 203                 has_super = ((i==0) || super_blk);
 204                 if (has_super) {
 205                         printf (_("  %s superblock at "),
 206                                 i == 0 ? _("Primary") : _("Backup"));
 207                         print_number(super_blk);
 208                 }
 209                 if (old_desc_blk) {
 210                         printf(_(", Group descriptors at "));
 211                         print_range(old_desc_blk,
 212                                     old_desc_blk + old_desc_blocks - 1);
 213                         if (reserved_gdt) {
 214                                 printf(_("\n  Reserved GDT blocks at "));
 215                                 print_range(old_desc_blk + old_desc_blocks,
 216                                             old_desc_blk + old_desc_blocks +
 217                                             reserved_gdt - 1);
 218                         }
 219                 } else if (new_desc_blk) {
 220                         fputc(has_super ? ',' : ' ', stdout);
 221                         printf(_(" Group descriptor at "));
 222                         print_number(new_desc_blk);
 223                         has_super++;
 224                 }
 225                 if (has_super)
 226                         fputc('\n', stdout);
 227                 fputs(_("  Block bitmap at "), stdout);
 228                 print_number(ext2fs_block_bitmap_loc(fs, i));
 229                 print_bg_rel_offset(fs, ext2fs_block_bitmap_loc(fs, i), 0,
 230                                     first_block, last_block);
 231                 fputs(_(", Inode bitmap at "), stdout);
 232                 print_number(ext2fs_inode_bitmap_loc(fs, i));
 233                 print_bg_rel_offset(fs, ext2fs_inode_bitmap_loc(fs, i), 0,
 234                                     first_block, last_block);
 235                 fputs(_("\n  Inode table at "), stdout);
 236                 print_range(ext2fs_inode_table_loc(fs, i),
 237                             ext2fs_inode_table_loc(fs, i) +
 238                             inode_blocks_per_group - 1);
 239                 print_bg_rel_offset(fs, ext2fs_inode_table_loc(fs, i), 1,
 240                                     first_block, last_block);
 241                 printf (_("\n  %u free %s, %u free inodes, "
 242                           "%u directories%s"),
 243                         ext2fs_bg_free_blocks_count(fs, i), units,
 244                         ext2fs_bg_free_inodes_count(fs, i),
 245                         ext2fs_bg_used_dirs_count(fs, i),
 246                         ext2fs_bg_itable_unused(fs, i) ? "" : "\n");
 247                 if (ext2fs_bg_itable_unused(fs, i))
 248                         printf (_(", %u unused inodes\n"),
 249                                 ext2fs_bg_itable_unused(fs, i));
 250                 if (block_bitmap) {
 251                         fputs(_("  Free blocks: "), stdout);
 252                         ext2fs_get_block_bitmap_range2(fs->block_map,
 253                                  blk_itr, block_nbytes << 3, block_bitmap);
 254                         print_free(i, block_bitmap,
 255                                    fs->super->s_clusters_per_group,
 256                                    fs->super->s_first_data_block,
 257                                    EXT2FS_CLUSTER_RATIO(fs));
 258                         fputc('\n', stdout);
 259                         blk_itr += fs->super->s_clusters_per_group;
 260                 }
 261                 if (inode_bitmap) {
 262                         fputs(_("  Free inodes: "), stdout);
 263                         ext2fs_get_inode_bitmap_range2(fs->inode_map,
 264                                  ino_itr, inode_nbytes << 3, inode_bitmap);
 265                         print_free(i, inode_bitmap,
 266                                    fs->super->s_inodes_per_group, 1, 1);
 267                         fputc('\n', stdout);
 268                         ino_itr += fs->super->s_inodes_per_group;
 269                 }
 270         }
 271         if (block_bitmap)
 272                 free(block_bitmap);
 273         if (inode_bitmap)
 274                 free(inode_bitmap);
 275 }
 276
 277 static void list_bad_blocks(ext2_filsys fs, int dump)
 278 {
 279         badblocks_list          bb_list = 0;
 280         badblocks_iterate       bb_iter;
 281         blk_t                   blk;
 282         errcode_t               retval;
 283         const char              *header, *fmt;
 284
 285         retval = ext2fs_read_bb_inode(fs, &bb_list);
 286         if (retval) {
 287                 com_err("ext2fs_read_bb_inode", retval, 0);
 288                 return;
 289         }
 290         retval = ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_begin(bb_list, &bb_iter);
 291         if (retval) {
 292                 com_err("ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_begin", retval,
 293                         _("while printing bad block list"));
 294                 return;
 295         }
 296         if (dump) {
 297                 header = fmt = "%u\n";
 298         } else {
 299                 header =  _("Bad blocks: %u");
 300                 fmt = ", %u";
 301         }
 302         while (ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate(bb_iter, &blk)) {
 303                 printf(header ? header : fmt, blk);
 304                 header = 0;
 305         }
 306         ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_end(bb_iter);
 307         if (!dump)
 308                 fputc('\n', stdout);
 309         ext2fs_badblocks_list_free(bb_list);
 310 }
 311
 312 static void print_inline_journal_information(ext2_filsys fs)
 313 {
 314         journal_superblock_t    *jsb;
 315         struct ext2_inode       inode;
 316         ext2_file_t             journal_file;
 317         errcode_t               retval;
 318         ino_t                   ino = fs->super->s_journal_inum;
 319         char                    buf[1024];
 320         __u32                   *mask_ptr, mask, m;
 321         int                     i, j, size, printed = 0;
 322
 323         retval = ext2fs_read_inode(fs, ino,  &inode);
 324         if (retval) {
 325                 com_err(program_name, retval,
 326                         _("while reading journal inode"));
 327                 exit(1);
 328         }
 329         retval = ext2fs_file_open2(fs, ino, &inode, 0, &journal_file);
 330         if (retval) {
 331                 com_err(program_name, retval,
 332                         _("while opening journal inode"));
 333                 exit(1);
 334         }
 335         retval = ext2fs_file_read(journal_file, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
 336         if (retval) {
 337                 com_err(program_name, retval,
 338                         _("while reading journal super block"));
 339                 exit(1);
 340         }
 341         ext2fs_file_close(journal_file);
 342         jsb = (journal_superblock_t *) buf;
 343         if (be32_to_cpu(jsb->s_header.h_magic) != JFS_MAGIC_NUMBER) {
 344                 fprintf(stderr,
 345                         "Journal superblock magic number invalid!\n");
 346                 exit(1);
 347         }
 348         printf(_("Journal features:        "));
 349         for (i=0, mask_ptr=&jsb->s_feature_compat; i <3; i++,mask_ptr++) {
 350                 mask = be32_to_cpu(*mask_ptr);
 351                 for (j=0,m=1; j < 32; j++, m<<=1) {
 352                         if (mask & m) {
 353                                 printf(" %s", e2p_jrnl_feature2string(i, m));
 354                                 printed++;
 355                         }
 356                 }
 357         }
 358         if (printed == 0)
 359                 printf(" (none)");
 360         printf("\n");
 361         fputs(_("Journal size:             "), stdout);
 362         if ((fs->super->s_feature_ro_compat &
 363              EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_HUGE_FILE) &&
 364             (inode.i_flags & EXT4_HUGE_FILE_FL))
 365                 size = inode.i_blocks / (fs->blocksize / 1024);
 366         else
 367                 size = inode.i_blocks >> 1;
 368         if (size < 8192)
 369                 printf("%uk\n", size);
 370         else
 371                 printf("%uM\n", size >> 10);
 372         printf(_("Journal length:           %u\n"
 373                  "Journal sequence:         0x%08x\n"
 374                  "Journal start:            %u\n"),
 375                (unsigned int)ntohl(jsb->s_maxlen),
 376                (unsigned int)ntohl(jsb->s_sequence),
 377                (unsigned int)ntohl(jsb->s_start));
 378 }
 379
 380 static void print_journal_information(ext2_filsys fs)
 381 {
 382         errcode_t       retval;
 383         char            buf[1024];
 384         char            str[80];
 385         unsigned int    i;
 386         journal_superblock_t    *jsb;
 387
 388         /* Get the journal superblock */
 389         if ((retval = io_channel_read_blk64(fs->io, fs->super->s_first_data_block+1, -1024, buf))) {
 390                 com_err(program_name, retval,
 391                         _("while reading journal superblock"));
 392                 exit(1);
 393         }
 394         jsb = (journal_superblock_t *) buf;
 395         if ((jsb->s_header.h_magic != (unsigned) ntohl(JFS_MAGIC_NUMBER)) ||
 396             (jsb->s_header.h_blocktype !=
 397              (unsigned) ntohl(JFS_SUPERBLOCK_V2))) {
 398                 com_err(program_name, 0,
 399                         _("Couldn't find journal superblock magic numbers"));
 400                 exit(1);
 401         }
 402
 403         printf(_("\nJournal block size:       %u\n"
 404                  "Journal length:           %u\n"
 405                  "Journal first block:      %u\n"
 406                  "Journal sequence:         0x%08x\n"
 407                  "Journal start:            %u\n"
 408                  "Journal number of users:  %u\n"),
 409                (unsigned int)ntohl(jsb->s_blocksize),  (unsigned int)ntohl(jsb->s_maxlen),
 410                (unsigned int)ntohl(jsb->s_first), (unsigned int)ntohl(jsb->s_sequence),
 411                (unsigned int)ntohl(jsb->s_start), (unsigned int)ntohl(jsb->s_nr_users));
 412
 413         for (i=0; i < ntohl(jsb->s_nr_users); i++) {
 414                 uuid_unparse(&jsb->s_users[i*16], str);
 415                 printf(i ? "                          %s\n"
 416                        : _("Journal users:            %s\n"),
 417                        str);
 418         }
 419 }
 420
 421 static void parse_extended_opts(const char *opts, blk64_t *superblock,
 422                                 int *blocksize)
 423 {
 424         char    *buf, *token, *next, *p, *arg, *badopt = 0;
 425         int     len;
 426         int     do_usage = 0;
 427
 428         len = strlen(opts);
 429         buf = malloc(len+1);
 430         if (!buf) {
 431                 fprintf(stderr,
 432                         _("Couldn't allocate memory to parse options!\n"));
 433                 exit(1);
 434         }
 435         strcpy(buf, opts);
 436         for (token = buf; token && *token; token = next) {
 437                 p = strchr(token, ',');
 438                 next = 0;
 439                 if (p) {
 440                         *p = 0;
 441                         next = p+1;
 442                 }
 443                 arg = strchr(token, '=');
 444                 if (arg) {
 445                         *arg = 0;
 446                         arg++;
 447                 }
 448                 if (strcmp(token, "superblock") == 0 ||
 449                     strcmp(token, "sb") == 0) {
 450                         if (!arg) {
 451                                 do_usage++;
 452                                 badopt = token;
 453                                 continue;
 454                         }
 455                         *superblock = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
 456                         if (*p) {
 457                                 fprintf(stderr,
 458                                         _("Invalid superblock parameter: %s\n"),
 459                                         arg);
 460                                 do_usage++;
 461                                 continue;
 462                         }
 463                 } else if (strcmp(token, "blocksize") == 0 ||
 464                            strcmp(token, "bs") == 0) {
 465                         if (!arg) {
 466                                 do_usage++;
 467                                 badopt = token;
 468                                 continue;
 469                         }
 470                         *blocksize = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
 471                         if (*p) {
 472                                 fprintf(stderr,
 473                                         _("Invalid blocksize parameter: %s\n"),
 474                                         arg);
 475                                 do_usage++;
 476                                 continue;
 477                         }
 478                 } else {
 479                         do_usage++;
 480                         badopt = token;
 481                 }
 482         }
 483         if (do_usage) {
 484                 fprintf(stderr, _("\nBad extended option(s) specified: %s\n\n"
 485                         "Extended options are separated by commas, "
 486                         "and may take an argument which\n"
 487                         "\tis set off by an equals ('=') sign.\n\n"
 488                         "Valid extended options are:\n"
 489                         "\tsuperblock=<superblock number>\n"
 490                         "\tblocksize=<blocksize>\n"),
 491                         badopt ? badopt : "");
 492                 free(buf);
 493                 exit(1);
 494         }
 495         free(buf);
 496 }
 497
 498 int main (int argc, char ** argv)
 499 {
 500         errcode_t       retval;
 501         ext2_filsys     fs;
 502         int             print_badblocks = 0;
 503         blk64_t         use_superblock = 0;
 504         int             use_blocksize = 0;
 505         int             image_dump = 0;
 506         int             force = 0;
 507         int             flags;
 508         int             header_only = 0;
 509         int             c;
 510
 511 #ifdef ENABLE_NLS
 512         setlocale(LC_MESSAGES, "");
 513         setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
 514         bindtextdomain(NLS_CAT_NAME, LOCALEDIR);
 515         textdomain(NLS_CAT_NAME);
 516         set_com_err_gettext(gettext);
 517 #endif
 518         add_error_table(&et_ext2_error_table);
 519         fprintf (stderr, "dumpe2fs %s (%s)\n", E2FSPROGS_VERSION,
 520                  E2FSPROGS_DATE);
 521         if (argc && *argv)
 522                 program_name = *argv;
 523
 524         while ((c = getopt (argc, argv, "bfhixVo:")) != EOF) {
 525                 switch (c) {
 526                 case 'b':
 527                         print_badblocks++;
 528                         break;
 529                 case 'f':
 530                         force++;
 531                         break;
 532                 case 'h':
 533                         header_only++;
 534                         break;
 535                 case 'i':
 536                         image_dump++;
 537                         break;
 538                 case 'o':
 539                         parse_extended_opts(optarg, &use_superblock,
 540                                             &use_blocksize);
 541                         break;
 542                 case 'V':
 543                         /* Print version number and exit */
 544                         fprintf(stderr, _("\tUsing %s\n"),
 545                                 error_message(EXT2_ET_BASE));
 546                         exit(0);
 547                 case 'x':
 548                         hex_format++;
 549                         break;
 550                 default:
 551                         usage();
 552                 }
 553         }
 554         if (optind > argc - 1)
 555                 usage();
 556         device_name = argv[optind++];
 557         flags = EXT2_FLAG_JOURNAL_DEV_OK | EXT2_FLAG_SOFTSUPP_FEATURES | EXT2_FLAG_64BITS;
 558         if (force)
 559                 flags |= EXT2_FLAG_FORCE;
 560         if (image_dump)
 561                 flags |= EXT2_FLAG_IMAGE_FILE;
 562
 563         if (use_superblock && !use_blocksize) {
 564                 for (use_blocksize = EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE;
 565                      use_blocksize <= EXT2_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE;
 566                      use_blocksize *= 2) {
 567                         retval = ext2fs_open (device_name, flags,
 568                                               use_superblock,
 569                                               use_blocksize, unix_io_manager,
 570                                               &fs);
 571                         if (!retval)
 572                                 break;
 573                 }
 574         } else
 575                 retval = ext2fs_open (device_name, flags, use_superblock,
 576                                       use_blocksize, unix_io_manager, &fs);
 577         if (retval) {
 578                 com_err (program_name, retval, _("while trying to open %s"),
 579                          device_name);
 580                 printf (_("Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock.\n"));
 581                 exit (1);
 582         }
 583         fs->default_bitmap_type = EXT2FS_BMAP64_RBTREE;
 584         if (print_badblocks) {
 585                 list_bad_blocks(fs, 1);
 586         } else {
 587                 list_super (fs->super);
 588                 if (fs->super->s_feature_incompat &
 589                       EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_JOURNAL_DEV) {
 590                         print_journal_information(fs);
 591                         ext2fs_close(fs);
 592                         exit(0);
 593                 }
 594                 if ((fs->super->s_feature_compat &
 595                      EXT3_FEATURE_COMPAT_HAS_JOURNAL) &&
 596                     (fs->super->s_journal_inum != 0))
 597                         print_inline_journal_information(fs);
 598                 list_bad_blocks(fs, 0);
 599                 if (header_only) {
 600                         ext2fs_close (fs);
 601                         exit (0);
 602                 }
 603                 retval = ext2fs_read_bitmaps (fs);
 604                 list_desc (fs);
 605                 if (retval) {
 606                         printf(_("\n%s: %s: error reading bitmaps: %s\n"),
 607                                program_name, device_name,
 608                                error_message(retval));
 609                 }
 610         }
 611         ext2fs_close (fs);
 612         remove_error_table(&et_ext2_error_table);
 613         exit (0);
 614 }