2 * gen_bitmap64.c --- routines to read, write, and manipulate the new qinode and
5 * Copyright (C) 2007, 2008 Theodore Ts'o.
8 * This file may be redistributed under the terms of the GNU Public
26 #include <sys/types.h>
28 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
37 * Design of 64-bit bitmaps
39 * In order maintain ABI compatibility with programs that don't
40 * understand about 64-bit blocks/inodes,
41 * ext2fs_allocate_inode_bitmap() and ext2fs_allocate_block_bitmap()
42 * will create old-style bitmaps unless the application passes the
43 * flag EXT2_FLAG_64BITS to ext2fs_open(). If this flag is
44 * passed, then we know the application has been recompiled, so we can
45 * use the new-style bitmaps. If it is not passed, we have to return
46 * an error if trying to open a filesystem which needs 64-bit bitmaps.
48 * The new bitmaps use a new set of structure magic numbers, so that
49 * both the old-style and new-style interfaces can identify which
50 * version of the data structure was used. Both the old-style and
51 * new-style interfaces will support either type of bitmap, although
52 * of course 64-bit operation will only be possible when both the
53 * new-style interface and the new-style bitmap are used.
55 * For example, the new bitmap interfaces will check the structure
56 * magic numbers and so will be able to detect old-stype bitmap. If
57 * they see an old-style bitmap, they will pass it to the gen_bitmap.c
58 * functions for handling. The same will be true for the old
61 * The new-style interfaces will have several different back-end
62 * implementations, so we can support different encodings that are
63 * appropriate for different applications. In general the default
64 * should be whatever makes sense, and what the application/library
65 * will use. However, e2fsck may need specialized implementations for
66 * its own uses. For example, when doing parent directory pointer
67 * loop detections in pass 3, the bitmap will *always* be sparse, so
68 * e2fsck can request an encoding which is optimized for that.
71 static void warn_bitmap(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap,
75 if (bitmap->description)
76 com_err(0, bitmap->base_error_code+code,
77 "#%llu for %s", arg, bitmap->description);
79 com_err(0, bitmap->base_error_code + code, "#%llu", arg);
83 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS_OPS
84 #define INC_STAT(map, name) map->stats.name
86 #define INC_STAT(map, name) ;;
90 errcode_t ext2fs_alloc_generic_bmap(ext2_filsys fs, errcode_t magic,
91 int type, __u64 start, __u64 end,
94 ext2fs_generic_bitmap *ret)
96 ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap;
97 struct ext2_bitmap_ops *ops;
102 type = EXT2FS_BMAP64_BITARRAY;
105 case EXT2FS_BMAP64_BITARRAY:
106 ops = &ext2fs_blkmap64_bitarray;
108 case EXT2FS_BMAP64_RBTREE:
109 ops = &ext2fs_blkmap64_rbtree;
111 case EXT2FS_BMAP64_AUTODIR:
112 retval = ext2fs_get_num_dirs(fs, &num_dirs);
113 if (retval || num_dirs > (fs->super->s_inodes_count / 320))
114 ops = &ext2fs_blkmap64_bitarray;
116 ops = &ext2fs_blkmap64_rbtree;
122 retval = ext2fs_get_memzero(sizeof(struct ext2fs_struct_generic_bitmap),
127 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS
128 if (gettimeofday(&bitmap->stats.created,
129 (struct timezone *) NULL) == -1) {
130 perror("gettimeofday");
131 ext2fs_free_mem(&bitmap);
134 bitmap->stats.type = type;
137 /* XXX factor out, repeated in copy_bmap */
138 bitmap->magic = magic;
140 bitmap->start = start;
142 bitmap->real_end = real_end;
143 bitmap->bitmap_ops = ops;
144 bitmap->cluster_bits = 0;
146 case EXT2_ET_MAGIC_INODE_BITMAP64:
147 bitmap->base_error_code = EXT2_ET_BAD_INODE_MARK;
149 case EXT2_ET_MAGIC_BLOCK_BITMAP64:
150 bitmap->base_error_code = EXT2_ET_BAD_BLOCK_MARK;
151 bitmap->cluster_bits = fs->cluster_ratio_bits;
154 bitmap->base_error_code = EXT2_ET_BAD_GENERIC_MARK;
157 retval = ext2fs_get_mem(strlen(descr)+1, &bitmap->description);
159 ext2fs_free_mem(&bitmap);
162 strcpy(bitmap->description, descr);
164 bitmap->description = 0;
166 retval = bitmap->bitmap_ops->new_bmap(fs, bitmap);
168 ext2fs_free_mem(&bitmap->description);
169 ext2fs_free_mem(&bitmap);
177 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS
178 static void ext2fs_print_bmap_statistics(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap)
180 struct ext2_bmap_statistics *stats = &bitmap->stats;
181 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS_OPS
182 float mark_seq_perc = 0.0, test_seq_perc = 0.0;
183 float mark_back_perc = 0.0, test_back_perc = 0.0;
188 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS_OPS
189 if (stats->test_count) {
190 test_seq_perc = ((float)stats->test_seq /
191 stats->test_count) * 100;
192 test_back_perc = ((float)stats->test_back /
193 stats->test_count) * 100;
196 if (stats->mark_count) {
197 mark_seq_perc = ((float)stats->mark_seq /
198 stats->mark_count) * 100;
199 mark_back_perc = ((float)stats->mark_back /
200 stats->mark_count) * 100;
204 if (gettimeofday(&now, (struct timezone *) NULL) == -1) {
205 perror("gettimeofday");
209 inuse = (double) now.tv_sec + \
210 (((double) now.tv_usec) * 0.000001);
211 inuse -= (double) stats->created.tv_sec + \
212 (((double) stats->created.tv_usec) * 0.000001);
214 fprintf(stderr, "\n[+] %s bitmap (type %d)\n", bitmap->description,
216 fprintf(stderr, "=================================================\n");
217 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS_OPS
218 fprintf(stderr, "%16llu bits long\n",
219 bitmap->real_end - bitmap->start);
220 fprintf(stderr, "%16lu copy_bmap\n%16lu resize_bmap\n",
221 stats->copy_count, stats->resize_count);
222 fprintf(stderr, "%16lu mark bmap\n%16lu unmark_bmap\n",
223 stats->mark_count, stats->unmark_count);
224 fprintf(stderr, "%16lu test_bmap\n%16lu mark_bmap_extent\n",
225 stats->test_count, stats->mark_ext_count);
226 fprintf(stderr, "%16lu unmark_bmap_extent\n"
227 "%16lu test_clear_bmap_extent\n",
228 stats->unmark_ext_count, stats->test_ext_count);
229 fprintf(stderr, "%16lu set_bmap_range\n%16lu set_bmap_range\n",
230 stats->set_range_count, stats->get_range_count);
231 fprintf(stderr, "%16lu clear_bmap\n%16lu contiguous bit test (%.2f%%)\n",
232 stats->clear_count, stats->test_seq, test_seq_perc);
233 fprintf(stderr, "%16lu contiguous bit mark (%.2f%%)\n"
234 "%16llu bits tested backwards (%.2f%%)\n",
235 stats->mark_seq, mark_seq_perc,
236 stats->test_back, test_back_perc);
237 fprintf(stderr, "%16llu bits marked backwards (%.2f%%)\n"
238 "%16.2f seconds in use\n",
239 stats->mark_back, mark_back_perc, inuse);
240 #endif /* ENABLE_BMAP_STATS_OPS */
244 void ext2fs_free_generic_bmap(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bmap)
249 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bmap)) {
250 ext2fs_free_generic_bitmap(bmap);
254 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bmap))
257 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS
258 if (getenv("E2FSPROGS_BITMAP_STATS")) {
259 ext2fs_print_bmap_statistics(bmap);
260 bmap->bitmap_ops->print_stats(bmap);
264 bmap->bitmap_ops->free_bmap(bmap);
266 if (bmap->description) {
267 ext2fs_free_mem(&bmap->description);
268 bmap->description = 0;
271 ext2fs_free_mem(&bmap);
274 errcode_t ext2fs_copy_generic_bmap(ext2fs_generic_bitmap src,
275 ext2fs_generic_bitmap *dest)
277 char *descr, *new_descr;
278 ext2fs_generic_bitmap new_bmap;
284 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(src))
285 return ext2fs_copy_generic_bitmap(src, dest);
287 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(src))
290 /* Allocate a new bitmap struct */
291 retval = ext2fs_get_memzero(sizeof(struct ext2fs_struct_generic_bitmap),
297 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS_OPS
298 src->stats.copy_count++;
300 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS
301 if (gettimeofday(&new_bmap->stats.created,
302 (struct timezone *) NULL) == -1) {
303 perror("gettimeofday");
304 ext2fs_free_mem(&new_bmap);
307 new_bmap->stats.type = src->stats.type;
310 /* Copy all the high-level parts over */
311 new_bmap->magic = src->magic;
312 new_bmap->fs = src->fs;
313 new_bmap->start = src->start;
314 new_bmap->end = src->end;
315 new_bmap->real_end = src->real_end;
316 new_bmap->bitmap_ops = src->bitmap_ops;
317 new_bmap->base_error_code = src->base_error_code;
318 new_bmap->cluster_bits = src->cluster_bits;
320 descr = src->description;
322 retval = ext2fs_get_mem(strlen(descr)+10, &new_descr);
324 ext2fs_free_mem(&new_bmap);
327 strcpy(new_descr, "copy of ");
328 strcat(new_descr, descr);
329 new_bmap->description = new_descr;
332 retval = src->bitmap_ops->copy_bmap(src, new_bmap);
334 ext2fs_free_mem(&new_bmap->description);
335 ext2fs_free_mem(&new_bmap);
344 errcode_t ext2fs_resize_generic_bmap(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bmap,
351 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bmap))
352 return ext2fs_resize_generic_bitmap(bmap->magic, new_end,
355 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bmap))
358 INC_STAT(bmap, resize_count);
360 return bmap->bitmap_ops->resize_bmap(bmap, new_end, new_real_end);
363 errcode_t ext2fs_fudge_generic_bmap_end(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap,
365 __u64 end, __u64 *oend)
370 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bitmap)) {
374 retval = ext2fs_fudge_generic_bitmap_end(bitmap, bitmap->magic,
375 neq, end, &tmp_oend);
381 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bitmap))
384 if (end > bitmap->real_end)
392 __u64 ext2fs_get_generic_bmap_start(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap)
397 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bitmap))
398 return ext2fs_get_generic_bitmap_start(bitmap);
400 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bitmap))
403 return bitmap->start;
406 __u64 ext2fs_get_generic_bmap_end(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap)
411 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bitmap))
412 return ext2fs_get_generic_bitmap_end(bitmap);
414 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bitmap))
420 void ext2fs_clear_generic_bmap(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap)
422 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bitmap))
423 ext2fs_clear_generic_bitmap(bitmap);
425 bitmap->bitmap_ops->clear_bmap (bitmap);
428 int ext2fs_mark_generic_bmap(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap,
434 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bitmap)) {
435 if (arg & ~0xffffffffULL) {
436 ext2fs_warn_bitmap2(bitmap,
437 EXT2FS_MARK_ERROR, 0xffffffff);
440 return ext2fs_mark_generic_bitmap(bitmap, arg);
443 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bitmap))
446 arg >>= bitmap->cluster_bits;
448 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS_OPS
449 if (arg == bitmap->stats.last_marked + 1)
450 bitmap->stats.mark_seq++;
451 if (arg < bitmap->stats.last_marked)
452 bitmap->stats.mark_back++;
453 bitmap->stats.last_marked = arg;
454 bitmap->stats.mark_count++;
457 if ((arg < bitmap->start) || (arg > bitmap->end)) {
458 warn_bitmap(bitmap, EXT2FS_MARK_ERROR, arg);
462 return bitmap->bitmap_ops->mark_bmap(bitmap, arg);
465 int ext2fs_unmark_generic_bmap(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap,
471 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bitmap)) {
472 if (arg & ~0xffffffffULL) {
473 ext2fs_warn_bitmap2(bitmap, EXT2FS_UNMARK_ERROR,
477 return ext2fs_unmark_generic_bitmap(bitmap, arg);
480 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bitmap))
483 arg >>= bitmap->cluster_bits;
485 INC_STAT(bitmap, unmark_count);
487 if ((arg < bitmap->start) || (arg > bitmap->end)) {
488 warn_bitmap(bitmap, EXT2FS_UNMARK_ERROR, arg);
492 return bitmap->bitmap_ops->unmark_bmap(bitmap, arg);
495 int ext2fs_test_generic_bmap(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap,
501 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bitmap)) {
502 if (arg & ~0xffffffffULL) {
503 ext2fs_warn_bitmap2(bitmap, EXT2FS_TEST_ERROR,
507 return ext2fs_test_generic_bitmap(bitmap, arg);
510 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bitmap))
513 arg >>= bitmap->cluster_bits;
515 #ifdef ENABLE_BMAP_STATS_OPS
516 bitmap->stats.test_count++;
517 if (arg == bitmap->stats.last_tested + 1)
518 bitmap->stats.test_seq++;
519 if (arg < bitmap->stats.last_tested)
520 bitmap->stats.test_back++;
521 bitmap->stats.last_tested = arg;
524 if ((arg < bitmap->start) || (arg > bitmap->end)) {
525 warn_bitmap(bitmap, EXT2FS_TEST_ERROR, arg);
529 return bitmap->bitmap_ops->test_bmap(bitmap, arg);
532 errcode_t ext2fs_set_generic_bmap_range(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bmap,
533 __u64 start, unsigned int num,
539 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bmap)) {
540 if ((start+num-1) & ~0xffffffffULL) {
541 ext2fs_warn_bitmap2(bmap, EXT2FS_UNMARK_ERROR,
545 return ext2fs_set_generic_bitmap_range(bmap, bmap->magic,
549 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bmap))
552 INC_STAT(bmap, set_range_count);
554 return bmap->bitmap_ops->set_bmap_range(bmap, start, num, in);
557 errcode_t ext2fs_get_generic_bmap_range(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bmap,
558 __u64 start, unsigned int num,
564 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bmap)) {
565 if ((start+num-1) & ~0xffffffffULL) {
566 ext2fs_warn_bitmap2(bmap,
567 EXT2FS_UNMARK_ERROR, 0xffffffff);
570 return ext2fs_get_generic_bitmap_range(bmap, bmap->magic,
574 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bmap))
577 INC_STAT(bmap, get_range_count);
579 return bmap->bitmap_ops->get_bmap_range(bmap, start, num, out);
582 errcode_t ext2fs_compare_generic_bmap(errcode_t neq,
583 ext2fs_generic_bitmap bm1,
584 ext2fs_generic_bitmap bm2)
590 if (bm1->magic != bm2->magic)
593 /* Now we know both bitmaps have the same magic */
594 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bm1))
595 return ext2fs_compare_generic_bitmap(bm1->magic, neq, bm1, bm2);
597 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bm1))
600 if ((bm1->start != bm2->start) ||
601 (bm1->end != bm2->end))
604 for (i = bm1->end - ((bm1->end - bm1->start) % 8); i <= bm1->end; i++)
605 if (ext2fs_test_generic_bmap(bm1, i) !=
606 ext2fs_test_generic_bmap(bm2, i))
612 void ext2fs_set_generic_bmap_padding(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bmap)
616 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bmap)) {
617 ext2fs_set_generic_bitmap_padding(bmap);
621 start = bmap->end + 1;
622 num = bmap->real_end - bmap->end;
623 bmap->bitmap_ops->mark_bmap_extent(bmap, start, num);
624 /* XXX ought to warn on error */
627 int ext2fs_test_block_bitmap_range2(ext2fs_block_bitmap bmap,
628 blk64_t block, unsigned int num)
630 __u64 end = block + num;
636 return !ext2fs_test_generic_bmap((ext2fs_generic_bitmap)
639 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bmap)) {
640 if ((block+num-1) & ~0xffffffffULL) {
641 ext2fs_warn_bitmap2((ext2fs_generic_bitmap) bmap,
642 EXT2FS_UNMARK_ERROR, 0xffffffff);
645 return ext2fs_test_block_bitmap_range(
646 (ext2fs_generic_bitmap) bmap, block, num);
649 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bmap))
652 INC_STAT(bmap, test_ext_count);
654 /* convert to clusters if necessary */
655 block >>= bmap->cluster_bits;
656 end += (1 << bmap->cluster_bits) - 1;
657 end >>= bmap->cluster_bits;
660 if ((block < bmap->start) || (block+num-1 > bmap->end)) {
661 ext2fs_warn_bitmap(EXT2_ET_BAD_BLOCK_TEST, block,
666 return bmap->bitmap_ops->test_clear_bmap_extent(bmap, block, num);
669 void ext2fs_mark_block_bitmap_range2(ext2fs_block_bitmap bmap,
670 blk64_t block, unsigned int num)
672 __u64 end = block + num;
677 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bmap)) {
678 if ((block+num-1) & ~0xffffffffULL) {
679 ext2fs_warn_bitmap2((ext2fs_generic_bitmap) bmap,
680 EXT2FS_UNMARK_ERROR, 0xffffffff);
683 ext2fs_mark_block_bitmap_range((ext2fs_generic_bitmap) bmap,
687 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bmap))
690 INC_STAT(bmap, mark_ext_count);
692 /* convert to clusters if necessary */
693 block >>= bmap->cluster_bits;
694 end += (1 << bmap->cluster_bits) - 1;
695 end >>= bmap->cluster_bits;
698 if ((block < bmap->start) || (block+num-1 > bmap->end)) {
699 ext2fs_warn_bitmap(EXT2_ET_BAD_BLOCK_MARK, block,
704 bmap->bitmap_ops->mark_bmap_extent(bmap, block, num);
707 void ext2fs_unmark_block_bitmap_range2(ext2fs_block_bitmap bmap,
708 blk64_t block, unsigned int num)
710 __u64 end = block + num;
715 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bmap)) {
716 if ((block+num-1) & ~0xffffffffULL) {
717 ext2fs_warn_bitmap2((ext2fs_generic_bitmap) bmap,
718 EXT2FS_UNMARK_ERROR, 0xffffffff);
721 ext2fs_unmark_block_bitmap_range((ext2fs_generic_bitmap) bmap,
725 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bmap))
728 INC_STAT(bmap, unmark_ext_count);
730 /* convert to clusters if necessary */
731 block >>= bmap->cluster_bits;
732 end += (1 << bmap->cluster_bits) - 1;
733 end >>= bmap->cluster_bits;
736 if ((block < bmap->start) || (block+num-1 > bmap->end)) {
737 ext2fs_warn_bitmap(EXT2_ET_BAD_BLOCK_UNMARK, block,
742 bmap->bitmap_ops->unmark_bmap_extent(bmap, block, num);
745 void ext2fs_warn_bitmap32(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap, const char *func)
748 if (bitmap && bitmap->description)
749 com_err(0, EXT2_ET_MAGIC_GENERIC_BITMAP,
750 "called %s with 64-bit bitmap for %s", func,
751 bitmap->description);
753 com_err(0, EXT2_ET_MAGIC_GENERIC_BITMAP,
754 "called %s with 64-bit bitmap", func);
758 errcode_t ext2fs_convert_subcluster_bitmap(ext2_filsys fs,
759 ext2fs_block_bitmap *bitmap)
761 ext2fs_block_bitmap cmap, bmap;
763 blk64_t i, b_end, c_end;
768 if (fs->cluster_ratio_bits == ext2fs_get_bitmap_granularity(bmap))
769 return 0; /* Nothing to do */
771 retval = ext2fs_allocate_block_bitmap(fs, "converted cluster bitmap",
778 bmap->end = bmap->real_end;
780 cmap->end = cmap->real_end;
782 ratio = 1 << fs->cluster_ratio_bits;
783 while (i < bmap->real_end) {
784 if (ext2fs_test_block_bitmap2(bmap, i)) {
785 ext2fs_mark_block_bitmap2(cmap, i);
796 ext2fs_free_block_bitmap(bmap);
801 errcode_t ext2fs_find_first_zero_generic_bmap(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap,
802 __u64 start, __u64 end, __u64 *out)
804 __u64 cstart, cend, cout;
810 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bitmap)) {
813 if (((start) & ~0xffffffffULL) ||
814 ((end) & ~0xffffffffULL)) {
815 ext2fs_warn_bitmap2(bitmap, EXT2FS_TEST_ERROR, start);
819 retval = ext2fs_find_first_zero_generic_bitmap(bitmap, start,
826 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bitmap))
829 cstart = start >> bitmap->cluster_bits;
830 cend = end >> bitmap->cluster_bits;
832 if (cstart < bitmap->start || cend > bitmap->end || start > end) {
833 warn_bitmap(bitmap, EXT2FS_TEST_ERROR, start);
837 if (bitmap->bitmap_ops->find_first_zero) {
838 retval = bitmap->bitmap_ops->find_first_zero(bitmap, cstart,
843 cout <<= bitmap->cluster_bits;
844 *out = (cout >= start) ? cout : start;
848 for (cout = cstart; cout <= cend; cout++)
849 if (!bitmap->bitmap_ops->test_bmap(bitmap, cout))
855 errcode_t ext2fs_find_first_set_generic_bmap(ext2fs_generic_bitmap bitmap,
856 __u64 start, __u64 end, __u64 *out)
858 __u64 cstart, cend, cout;
864 if (EXT2FS_IS_32_BITMAP(bitmap)) {
867 if (((start) & ~0xffffffffULL) ||
868 ((end) & ~0xffffffffULL)) {
869 ext2fs_warn_bitmap2(bitmap, EXT2FS_TEST_ERROR, start);
873 retval = ext2fs_find_first_set_generic_bitmap(bitmap, start,
880 if (!EXT2FS_IS_64_BITMAP(bitmap))
883 cstart = start >> bitmap->cluster_bits;
884 cend = end >> bitmap->cluster_bits;
886 if (cstart < bitmap->start || cend > bitmap->end || start > end) {
887 warn_bitmap(bitmap, EXT2FS_TEST_ERROR, start);
891 if (bitmap->bitmap_ops->find_first_set) {
892 retval = bitmap->bitmap_ops->find_first_set(bitmap, cstart,
897 cout <<= bitmap->cluster_bits;
898 *out = (cout >= start) ? cout : start;
902 for (cout = cstart; cout <= cend; cout++)
903 if (bitmap->bitmap_ops->test_bmap(bitmap, cout))