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LU-14359 hsm: support a flatter HSM archive format
[fs/lustre-release.git] / lustre / utils / lhsmtool_posix.c
index fe57467..ae6e608 100644 (file)
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
  * (C) Copyright 2012 Commissariat a l'energie atomique et aux energies
  *     alternatives
  *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, 2016, Intel Corporation.
  */
 /* HSM copytool program for POSIX filesystem-based HSM's.
  *
  *
  * This particular tool can also import an existing HSM archive.
  */
+
+#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#endif
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 #include <utime.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
 #include <sys/xattr.h>
-#include <lustre/lustre_idl.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <libcfs/util/string.h>
+#include <linux/lustre/lustre_fid.h>
+#include <lnetconfig/cyaml.h>
 #include <lustre/lustreapi.h>
+#include "lstddef.h"
+#include "pid_file.h"
 
 /* Progress reporting period */
 #define REPORT_INTERVAL_DEFAULT 30
 
 #define ONE_MB 0x100000
 
-/* copytool uses a 32b bitmask field to register with kuc
- * archive num = 0 => all
- * archive num from 1 to 32
- */
-#define MAX_ARCHIVE_CNT (sizeof(__u32) * 8)
+#ifndef NSEC_PER_SEC
+# define NSEC_PER_SEC 1000000000UL
+#endif
 
 enum ct_action {
        CA_IMPORT = 1,
        CA_REBIND,
        CA_MAXSEQ,
+       CA_ARCHIVE_UPGRADE,
+};
+
+enum ct_archive_format {
+       /* v1 (original) using 6 directories (oid & 0xffff)/-/-/-/-/-/FID.
+        * Places only one FID per directory. See ct_path_archive() below. */
+       CT_ARCHIVE_FORMAT_V1 = 1,
+       /* v2 using 1 directory (oid & 0xffff)/FID. */
+       CT_ARCHIVE_FORMAT_V2 = 2,
+};
+
+static const char *ct_archive_format_name[] = {
+       [CT_ARCHIVE_FORMAT_V1] = "v1",
+       [CT_ARCHIVE_FORMAT_V2] = "v2",
 };
 
+static int
+ct_str_to_archive_format(const char *str, enum ct_archive_format *pctaf)
+{
+       enum ct_archive_format ctaf;
+
+       for (ctaf = 0; ctaf < ARRAY_SIZE(ct_archive_format_name); ctaf++) {
+               if (ct_archive_format_name[ctaf] != NULL &&
+                   strcmp(ct_archive_format_name[ctaf], str) == 0) {
+                       *pctaf = ctaf;
+                       return 0;
+               }
+       }
+
+       return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static const char *ct_archive_format_to_str(enum ct_archive_format ctaf)
+{
+       if (0 <= ctaf &&
+           ctaf < ARRAY_SIZE(ct_archive_format_name) &&
+           ct_archive_format_name[ctaf] != NULL)
+               return ct_archive_format_name[ctaf];
+
+       return "null";
+}
+
 struct options {
        int                      o_copy_attrs;
        int                      o_daemonize;
@@ -70,24 +130,31 @@ struct options {
        int                      o_shadow_tree;
        int                      o_verbose;
        int                      o_copy_xattrs;
-       int                      o_archive_cnt;
-       int                      o_archive_id[MAX_ARCHIVE_CNT];
+       const char              *o_config_path;
+       enum ct_archive_format   o_archive_format;
+       int                      o_archive_id_used;
+       int                      o_archive_id_cnt;
+       int                     *o_archive_id;
        int                      o_report_int;
        unsigned long long       o_bandwidth;
        size_t                   o_chunk_size;
        enum ct_action           o_action;
+       char                    *o_event_fifo;
        char                    *o_mnt;
+       int                      o_mnt_fd;
        char                    *o_hsm_root;
        char                    *o_src; /* for import, or rebind */
        char                    *o_dst; /* for import, or rebind */
+       char                    *o_pid_file;
 };
 
 /* everything else is zeroed */
 struct options opt = {
        .o_copy_attrs = 1,
        .o_shadow_tree = 1,
-       .o_verbose = LLAPI_MSG_WARN,
+       .o_verbose = LLAPI_MSG_INFO,
        .o_copy_xattrs = 1,
+       .o_archive_format = CT_ARCHIVE_FORMAT_V1,
        .o_report_int = REPORT_INTERVAL_DEFAULT,
        .o_chunk_size = ONE_MB,
 };
@@ -104,18 +171,38 @@ static int err_minor;
 
 static char cmd_name[PATH_MAX];
 static char fs_name[MAX_OBD_NAME + 1];
+static int pid_file_fd = -1;
 
 static struct hsm_copytool_private *ctdata;
 
+static inline double ct_now(void)
+{
+       struct timeval tv;
+
+       gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
+
+       return tv.tv_sec + 0.000001 * tv.tv_usec;
+}
+
+#define CT_ERROR(_rc, _format, ...)                                    \
+       llapi_error(LLAPI_MSG_ERROR, _rc,                               \
+                   "%f %s[%ld]: "_format,                              \
+                   ct_now(), cmd_name, syscall(SYS_gettid), ## __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define CT_DEBUG(_format, ...)                                         \
+       llapi_error(LLAPI_MSG_DEBUG | LLAPI_MSG_NO_ERRNO, 0,            \
+                   "%f %s[%ld]: "_format,                              \
+                   ct_now(), cmd_name, syscall(SYS_gettid), ## __VA_ARGS__)
 
-#define CT_ERROR(format, ...) \
-       llapi_printf(LLAPI_MSG_ERROR, "%s: "format, cmd_name, ## __VA_ARGS__)
-#define CT_DEBUG(format, ...) \
-       llapi_printf(LLAPI_MSG_DEBUG, "%s: "format, cmd_name, ## __VA_ARGS__)
-#define CT_WARN(format, ...) \
-       llapi_printf(LLAPI_MSG_WARN, "%s: "format, cmd_name, ## __VA_ARGS__)
-#define CT_TRACE(format, ...) \
-       llapi_printf(LLAPI_MSG_INFO, "%s: "format, cmd_name, ## __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CT_WARN(_format, ...) \
+       llapi_error(LLAPI_MSG_WARN | LLAPI_MSG_NO_ERRNO, 0,             \
+                   "%f %s[%ld]: "_format,                              \
+                   ct_now(), cmd_name, syscall(SYS_gettid), ## __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define CT_TRACE(_format, ...)                                         \
+       llapi_error(LLAPI_MSG_INFO | LLAPI_MSG_NO_ERRNO, 0,             \
+                   "%f %s[%ld]: "_format,                              \
+                   ct_now(), cmd_name, syscall(SYS_gettid), ## __VA_ARGS__)
 
 static void usage(const char *name, int rc)
 {
@@ -138,9 +225,10 @@ static void usage(const char *name, int rc)
        "into a Lustre filesystem.\n"
        " Usage:\n"
        "   %s [options] --import <src> <dst> <lustre_mount_point>\n"
-       "      import an archived subtree at\n"
-       "       <src> (relative to hsm_root) into the Lustre filesystem at\n"
-       "       <dst> (absolute)\n"
+       "      import an archived subtree from\n"
+       "       <src> (FID or relative path to hsm_root) into the Lustre\n"
+       "             filesystem at\n"
+       "       <dst> (absolute path)\n"
        "   %s [options] --rebind <old_FID> <new_FID> <lustre_mount_point>\n"
        "      rebind an entry in the HSM to a new FID\n"
        "       <old_FID> old FID the HSM entry is bound to\n"
@@ -150,17 +238,26 @@ static void usage(const char *name, int rc)
        "       each line of <list_file> consists of <old_FID> <new_FID>\n"
        "   %s [options] --max-sequence <fsname>\n"
        "       return the max fid sequence of archived files\n"
-       "   -A, --archive <#>        Archive number (repeatable)\n"
-       "   -p, --hsm-root <path>    Target HSM mount point\n"
-       "   -q, --quiet              Produce less verbose output\n"
-       "   -v, --verbose            Produce more verbose output\n"
-       "   -c, --chunk-size <sz>    I/O size used during data copy\n"
-       "                            (unit can be used, default is MB)\n"
-       "   --abort-on-error         Abort operation on major error\n"
-       "   --dry-run                Don't run, just show what would be done\n"
-       "   --bandwidth <bw>         Limit I/O bandwidth (unit can be used\n,"
-       "                            default is MB)\n",
-       cmd_name, cmd_name, cmd_name, cmd_name, cmd_name);
+       "   %s [options] --archive-upgrade=VER\n"
+       "      Upgrade or downgrade the archive to version VER\n"
+       "Options:\n"
+       "   --abort-on-error          Abort operation on major error\n"
+       "   -A, --archive <#>         Archive number (repeatable)\n"
+       "   -C, --config=PATH         Read config from PATH\n"
+       "   -F, --archive-format=VER  Use archive format VER\n"
+       "   -b, --bandwidth <bw>      Limit I/O bandwidth (unit can be used\n,"
+       "                             default is MB)\n"
+       "   --dry-run                 Don't run, just show what would be done\n"
+       "   -c, --chunk-size <sz>     I/O size used during data copy\n"
+       "                             (unit can be used, default is MB)\n"
+       "   -f, --event-fifo <path>   Write events stream to fifo\n"
+       "   -P, --pid-file=PATH       Lock and write PID to PATH\n"
+       "   -p, --hsm-root <path>     Target HSM mount point\n"
+       "   -q, --quiet               Produce less verbose output\n"
+       "   -u, --update-interval <s> Interval between progress reports sent\n"
+       "                             to Coordinator\n"
+       "   -v, --verbose             Produce more verbose output\n",
+       cmd_name, cmd_name, cmd_name, cmd_name, cmd_name, cmd_name);
 
        exit(rc);
 }
@@ -168,62 +265,150 @@ static void usage(const char *name, int rc)
 static int ct_parseopts(int argc, char * const *argv)
 {
        struct option long_opts[] = {
-               {"abort-on-error", no_argument,       &opt.o_abort_on_error, 1},
-               {"abort_on_error", no_argument,       &opt.o_abort_on_error, 1},
-               {"archive",        required_argument, NULL,                'A'},
-               {"bandwidth",      required_argument, NULL,                'b'},
-               {"chunk-size",     required_argument, NULL,                'c'},
-               {"chunk_size",     required_argument, NULL,                'c'},
-               {"daemon",         no_argument,       &opt.o_daemonize,     1},
-               {"dry-run",        no_argument,       &opt.o_dry_run,       1},
-               {"help",           no_argument,       NULL,                'h'},
-               {"hsm-root",       required_argument, NULL,                'p'},
-               {"hsm_root",       required_argument, NULL,                'p'},
-               {"import",         no_argument,       NULL,                'i'},
-               {"max-sequence",   no_argument,       NULL,                'M'},
-               {"max_sequence",   no_argument,       NULL,                'M'},
-               {"no-attr",        no_argument,       &opt.o_copy_attrs,    0},
-               {"no_attr",        no_argument,       &opt.o_copy_attrs,    0},
-               {"no-shadow",      no_argument,       &opt.o_shadow_tree,   0},
-               {"no_shadow",      no_argument,       &opt.o_shadow_tree,   0},
-               {"no-xattr",       no_argument,       &opt.o_copy_xattrs,   0},
-               {"no_xattr",       no_argument,       &opt.o_copy_xattrs,   0},
-               {"quiet",          no_argument,       NULL,                'q'},
-               {"rebind",         no_argument,       NULL,                'r'},
-               {"report",         required_argument, &opt.o_report_int,    0},
-               {"verbose",        no_argument,       NULL,                'v'},
-               {0, 0, 0, 0}
-       };
-       int                      c;
-       unsigned long long       value;
-       unsigned long long       unit;
+       { .val = 1,     .name = "abort-on-error",
+         .flag = &opt.o_abort_on_error,        .has_arg = no_argument },
+       { .val = 1,     .name = "abort_on_error",
+         .flag = &opt.o_abort_on_error,        .has_arg = no_argument },
+       { .val = 'A',   .name = "archive",      .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'b',   .name = "bandwidth",    .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'C',   .name = "config",       .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'c',   .name = "chunk-size",   .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'c',   .name = "chunk_size",   .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 1,     .name = "daemon",       .has_arg = no_argument,
+         .flag = &opt.o_daemonize },
+       { .val = 'F',   .name = "archive-format", .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'U',   .name = "archive-upgrade", .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'f',   .name = "event-fifo",   .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'f',   .name = "event_fifo",   .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 1,     .name = "dry-run",      .has_arg = no_argument,
+         .flag = &opt.o_dry_run },
+       { .val = 'h',   .name = "help",         .has_arg = no_argument },
+       { .val = 'i',   .name = "import",       .has_arg = no_argument },
+       { .val = 'M',   .name = "max-sequence", .has_arg = no_argument },
+       { .val = 'M',   .name = "max_sequence", .has_arg = no_argument },
+       { .val = 0,     .name = "no-attr",      .has_arg = no_argument,
+         .flag = &opt.o_copy_attrs },
+       { .val = 0,     .name = "no_attr",      .has_arg = no_argument,
+         .flag = &opt.o_copy_attrs },
+       { .val = 0,     .name = "no-shadow",    .has_arg = no_argument,
+         .flag = &opt.o_shadow_tree },
+       { .val = 0,     .name = "no_shadow",    .has_arg = no_argument,
+         .flag = &opt.o_shadow_tree },
+       { .val = 0,     .name = "no-xattr",     .has_arg = no_argument,
+         .flag = &opt.o_copy_xattrs },
+       { .val = 0,     .name = "no_xattr",     .has_arg = no_argument,
+         .flag = &opt.o_copy_xattrs },
+       { .val = 'P',   .name = "pid-file",     .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'p',   .name = "hsm-root",     .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'p',   .name = "hsm_root",     .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'q',   .name = "quiet",        .has_arg = no_argument },
+       { .val = 'r',   .name = "rebind",       .has_arg = no_argument },
+       { .val = 'u',   .name = "update-interval",
+                                               .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'u',   .name = "update_interval",
+                                               .has_arg = required_argument },
+       { .val = 'v',   .name = "verbose",      .has_arg = no_argument },
+       { .name = NULL } };
+
+       unsigned long long value;
+       unsigned long long unit;
+       bool all_id = false;
+       int c, rc;
+       int i;
 
        optind = 0;
-       while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "A:b:c:hiMp:qrv",
+
+       opt.o_archive_id_cnt = LL_HSM_ORIGIN_MAX_ARCHIVE;
+       opt.o_archive_id = malloc(opt.o_archive_id_cnt *
+                                 sizeof(*opt.o_archive_id));
+       if (opt.o_archive_id == NULL)
+               return -ENOMEM;
+repeat:
+       while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "A:b:C:c:F:f:hiMp:P:qrU:u:v",
                                long_opts, NULL)) != -1) {
                switch (c) {
-               case 'A':
-                       if ((opt.o_archive_cnt >= MAX_ARCHIVE_CNT) ||
-                           (atoi(optarg) >= MAX_ARCHIVE_CNT)) {
-                               CT_ERROR("archive number must be less"
-                                        "than %zu\n", MAX_ARCHIVE_CNT);
-                               return -E2BIG;
+               case 'A': {
+                       char *end = NULL;
+                       int val = strtol(optarg, &end, 10);
+
+                       if (*end != '\0') {
+                               rc = -EINVAL;
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "invalid archive-id: '%s'",
+                                        optarg);
+                               return rc;
+                       }
+                       /* if archiveID is zero, any archiveID is accepted */
+                       if (all_id == true)
+                               goto repeat;
+
+                       if (val == 0) {
+                               free(opt.o_archive_id);
+                               opt.o_archive_id = NULL;
+                               opt.o_archive_id_cnt = 0;
+                               opt.o_archive_id_used = 0;
+                               all_id = true;
+                               CT_WARN("archive-id = 0 is found, any backend will be served\n");
+                               goto repeat;
+                       }
+
+                       /* skip the duplicated id */
+                       for (i = 0; i < opt.o_archive_id_used; i++) {
+                               if (opt.o_archive_id[i] == val)
+                                       goto repeat;
                        }
-                       opt.o_archive_id[opt.o_archive_cnt] = atoi(optarg);
-                       opt.o_archive_cnt++;
+                       /* extend the space */
+                       if (opt.o_archive_id_used >= opt.o_archive_id_cnt) {
+                               int *tmp;
+
+                               opt.o_archive_id_cnt *= 2;
+                               tmp = realloc(opt.o_archive_id,
+                                             sizeof(*opt.o_archive_id) *
+                                             opt.o_archive_id_cnt);
+                               if (tmp == NULL)
+                                       return -ENOMEM;
+
+                               opt.o_archive_id = tmp;
+                       }
+
+                       opt.o_archive_id[opt.o_archive_id_used++] = val;
                        break;
+               }
                case 'b': /* -b and -c have both a number with unit as arg */
                case 'c':
                        unit = ONE_MB;
                        if (llapi_parse_size(optarg, &value, &unit, 0) < 0) {
-                               CT_ERROR("bad value for -%c '%s'\n", c, optarg);
-                               return -EINVAL;
+                               rc = -EINVAL;
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "bad value for -%c '%s'", c,
+                                        optarg);
+                               return rc;
                        }
                        if (c == 'c')
                                opt.o_chunk_size = value;
                        else
                                opt.o_bandwidth = value;
                        break;
+               case 'C':
+                       opt.o_config_path = optarg;
+                       break;
+               case 'F':
+                       rc = ct_str_to_archive_format(optarg, &opt.o_archive_format);
+                       if (rc < 0) {
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "invalid archive format '%s'", optarg);
+                               return -EINVAL;
+                       }
+                       break;
+               case 'U':
+                       rc = ct_str_to_archive_format(optarg, &opt.o_archive_format);
+                       if (rc < 0) {
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "invalid archive format '%s'", optarg);
+                               return -EINVAL;
+                       }
+                       opt.o_action = CA_ARCHIVE_UPGRADE;
+                       break;
+
+               case 'f':
+                       opt.o_event_fifo = optarg;
+                       break;
                case 'h':
                        usage(argv[0], 0);
                case 'i':
@@ -232,6 +417,9 @@ static int ct_parseopts(int argc, char * const *argv)
                case 'M':
                        opt.o_action = CA_MAXSEQ;
                        break;
+               case 'P':
+                       opt.o_pid_file = optarg;
+                       break;
                case 'p':
                        opt.o_hsm_root = optarg;
                        break;
@@ -241,14 +429,21 @@ static int ct_parseopts(int argc, char * const *argv)
                case 'r':
                        opt.o_action = CA_REBIND;
                        break;
+               case 'u':
+                       opt.o_report_int = atoi(optarg);
+                       if (opt.o_report_int < 0) {
+                               rc = -EINVAL;
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "bad value for -%c '%s'", c,
+                                        optarg);
+                               return rc;
+                       }
+                       break;
                case 'v':
                        opt.o_verbose++;
                        break;
                case 0:
                        break;
                default:
-                       CT_ERROR("unrecognized option '%s'\n",
-                                argv[optind - 1]);
                        return -EINVAL;
                }
        }
@@ -257,8 +452,9 @@ static int ct_parseopts(int argc, char * const *argv)
        case CA_IMPORT:
                /* src dst mount_point */
                if (argc != optind + 3) {
-                       CT_ERROR("--import requires 2 arguments\n");
-                       return -EINVAL;
+                       rc = -EINVAL;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "--import requires 2 arguments");
+                       return rc;
                }
                opt.o_src = argv[optind++];
                opt.o_dst = argv[optind++];
@@ -272,8 +468,9 @@ static int ct_parseopts(int argc, char * const *argv)
                        opt.o_src = argv[optind++];
                        opt.o_dst = argv[optind++];
                } else {
-                       CT_ERROR("--rebind requires 1 or 2 arguments\n");
-                       return -EINVAL;
+                       rc = -EINVAL;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "--rebind requires 1 or 2 arguments");
+                       return rc;
                }
                break;
        case CA_MAXSEQ:
@@ -282,69 +479,100 @@ static int ct_parseopts(int argc, char * const *argv)
                break;
        }
 
+       if (opt.o_action == CA_ARCHIVE_UPGRADE)
+               return 0;
+
        if (argc != optind + 1) {
-               CT_ERROR("no mount point specified\n");
-               return -EINVAL;
+               rc = -EINVAL;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "no mount point specified");
+               return rc;
        }
 
        opt.o_mnt = argv[optind];
+       opt.o_mnt_fd = -1;
 
-       CT_TRACE("action=%d src=%s dst=%s mount_point=%s\n",
+       CT_TRACE("action=%d src=%s dst=%s mount_point=%s",
                 opt.o_action, opt.o_src, opt.o_dst, opt.o_mnt);
 
-       if (!opt.o_dry_run && opt.o_hsm_root == NULL) {
-               CT_ERROR("must specify a HSM root\n");
-               return -EINVAL;
-       }
-
        if (opt.o_action == CA_IMPORT) {
                if (opt.o_src && opt.o_src[0] == '/') {
-                       CT_ERROR("source path must be relative to HSM root.\n");
-                       return -EINVAL;
+                       rc = -EINVAL;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc,
+                                "source path must be relative to HSM root");
+                       return rc;
                }
 
                if (opt.o_dst && opt.o_dst[0] != '/') {
-                       CT_ERROR("destination path must be absolute.\n");
-                       return -EINVAL;
+                       rc = -EINVAL;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "destination path must be absolute");
+                       return rc;
                }
        }
 
        return 0;
 }
 
-/* mkdir -p path */
+static int ct_mkdirat_p(int fd, char *path, mode_t mode)
+{
+       char *split;
+       int rc;
+
+       if (strlen(path) == 0 || strcmp(path, ".") == 0)
+               return 0;
+
+       rc = mkdirat(fd, path, mode);
+       if (rc == 0 || errno == EEXIST)
+               return 0;
+
+       if (errno != ENOENT)
+               return -errno;
+
+       split = strrchr(path, '/');
+       if (split == NULL)
+               return -ENOENT;
+
+       *split = '\0';
+       rc = ct_mkdirat_p(fd, path, mode);
+       *split = '/';
+       if (rc < 0)
+               return rc;
+
+       rc = mkdirat(fd, path, mode);
+       if (rc == 0 || errno == EEXIST)
+               return 0;
+
+       return -errno;
+}
+
+/* XXX Despite the name, this is 'mkdir -p $(dirname path)' */
 static int ct_mkdir_p(const char *path)
 {
-       char    *saved, *ptr;
-       int      rc;
+       char *path2;
+       char *split;
+       int rc;
 
-       ptr = strdup(path);
-       saved = ptr;
-       while (*ptr == '/')
-               ptr++;
+       path2 = strdup(path);
+       if (path2 == NULL)
+               return -ENOMEM;
 
-       while ((ptr = strchr(ptr, '/')) != NULL) {
-               *ptr = '\0';
-               rc = mkdir(saved, DIR_PERM);
-               *ptr = '/';
-               if (rc < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
-                       rc = -errno;
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' mkdir failed (%s)\n", path,
-                                strerror(-rc));
-                       free(saved);
-                       return rc;
-               }
-               ptr++;
+       split = strrchr(path2, '/');
+       if (split == NULL) {
+               rc = 0;
+               goto out;
        }
 
-       free(saved);
+       *split = '\0';
 
-       return 0;
+       rc = ct_mkdirat_p(AT_FDCWD, path2, DIR_PERM);
+out:
+       free(path2);
+
+       return rc;
 }
 
 static int ct_save_stripe(int src_fd, const char *src, const char *dst)
 {
-       char                     lov_file[PATH_MAX];
+       char                     lov_file[PATH_MAX + 8];
        char                     lov_buf[XATTR_SIZE_MAX];
        struct lov_user_md      *lum;
        int                      rc;
@@ -352,14 +580,13 @@ static int ct_save_stripe(int src_fd, const char *src, const char *dst)
        ssize_t                  xattr_size;
 
        snprintf(lov_file, sizeof(lov_file), "%s.lov", dst);
-       CT_TRACE("saving stripe info of '%s' in %s\n", src, lov_file);
+       CT_TRACE("saving stripe info of '%s' in %s", src, lov_file);
 
        xattr_size = fgetxattr(src_fd, XATTR_LUSTRE_LOV, lov_buf,
                               sizeof(lov_buf));
        if (xattr_size < 0) {
                rc = -errno;
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' cannot get stripe info on (%s)\n", src,
-                        strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot get stripe info on '%s'", src);
                return rc;
        }
 
@@ -375,15 +602,15 @@ static int ct_save_stripe(int src_fd, const char *src, const char *dst)
        fd = open(lov_file, O_TRUNC | O_CREAT | O_WRONLY, FILE_PERM);
        if (fd < 0) {
                rc = -errno;
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' cannot open (%s)\n", lov_file, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open '%s'", lov_file);
                goto err_cleanup;
        }
 
        rc = write(fd, lum, xattr_size);
        if (rc < 0) {
                rc = -errno;
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' cannot write %zd bytes (%s)\n",
-                        lov_file, xattr_size, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot write %zd bytes to '%s'",
+                        xattr_size, lov_file);
                close(fd);
                goto err_cleanup;
        }
@@ -391,7 +618,7 @@ static int ct_save_stripe(int src_fd, const char *src, const char *dst)
        rc = close(fd);
        if (rc < 0) {
                rc = -errno;
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' cannot close (%s)\n", lov_file, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot close '%s'", lov_file);
                goto err_cleanup;
        }
 
@@ -405,23 +632,23 @@ err_cleanup:
 
 static int ct_load_stripe(const char *src, void *lovea, size_t *lovea_size)
 {
-       char     lov_file[PATH_MAX];
+       char     lov_file[PATH_MAX + 4];
        int      rc;
        int      fd;
 
        snprintf(lov_file, sizeof(lov_file), "%s.lov", src);
-       CT_TRACE("reading stripe rules from '%s' for '%s'\n", lov_file, src);
+       CT_TRACE("reading stripe rules from '%s' for '%s'", lov_file, src);
 
        fd = open(lov_file, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' cannot open (%s)\n", lov_file, strerror(errno));
+               CT_ERROR(errno, "cannot open '%s'", lov_file);
                return -ENODATA;
        }
 
        rc = read(fd, lovea, *lovea_size);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' cannot read %zu bytes (%s)\n", lov_file,
-                        *lovea_size, strerror(errno));
+               CT_ERROR(errno, "cannot read %zu bytes from '%s'",
+                        *lovea_size, lov_file);
                close(fd);
                return -ENODATA;
        }
@@ -440,226 +667,181 @@ static int ct_restore_stripe(const char *src, const char *dst, int dst_fd,
        rc = fsetxattr(dst_fd, XATTR_LUSTRE_LOV, lovea, lovea_size,
                       XATTR_CREATE);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' cannot set striping (%s)\n",
-                        dst, strerror(errno));
                rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot set lov EA on '%s'", dst);
        }
 
        return rc;
 }
 
-/* non-blocking read or write */
-static int nonblock_rw(bool wr, int fd, char *buf, int size)
-{
-       int rc;
-
-       if (wr)
-               rc = write(fd, buf, size);
-       else
-               rc = read(fd, buf, size);
-
-       if ((rc < 0) && (errno == -EAGAIN)) {
-               fd_set set;
-               struct timeval timeout;
-
-               timeout.tv_sec = opt.o_report_int;
-
-               FD_ZERO(&set);
-               FD_SET(fd, &set);
-               if (wr)
-                       rc = select(FD_SETSIZE, NULL, &set, NULL, &timeout);
-               else
-                       rc = select(FD_SETSIZE, &set, NULL, NULL, &timeout);
-               if (rc < 0)
-                       return -errno;
-               if (rc == 0)
-                       /* Timed out, we read nothing */
-                       return -EAGAIN;
-
-               /* Should be available now */
-               if (wr)
-                       rc = write(fd, buf, size);
-               else
-                       rc = read(fd, buf, size);
-       }
-
-       if (rc < 0)
-               rc = -errno;
-
-       return rc;
-}
-
 static int ct_copy_data(struct hsm_copyaction_private *hcp, const char *src,
                        const char *dst, int src_fd, int dst_fd,
                        const struct hsm_action_item *hai, long hal_flags)
 {
        struct hsm_extent        he;
+       __u64                    offset = hai->hai_extent.offset;
        struct stat              src_st;
        struct stat              dst_st;
-       char                    *buf;
-       __u64                    wpos = 0;
-       __u64                    rpos = 0;
-       __u64                    rlen;
-       time_t                   last_print_time = time(0);
-       int                      rsize;
-       int                      wsize;
-       int                      bufoff = 0;
+       char                    *buf = NULL;
+       __u64                    write_total = 0;
+       __u64                    length = hai->hai_extent.length;
+       time_t                   last_report_time;
        int                      rc = 0;
-
-       CT_TRACE("going to copy data from '%s' to %s\n", src, dst);
-
-       buf = malloc(opt.o_chunk_size);
-       if (buf == NULL)
-               return -ENOMEM;
+       double                   start_ct_now = ct_now();
+       /* Bandwidth Control */
+       time_t                  start_time;
+       time_t                  now;
+       time_t                  last_bw_print;
 
        if (fstat(src_fd, &src_st) < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' stat failed (%s)\n", src, strerror(errno));
-               return -errno;
+               rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot stat '%s'", src);
+               return rc;
        }
 
        if (!S_ISREG(src_st.st_mode)) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' not a regular file\n", src);
-               return -EINVAL;
+               rc = -EINVAL;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "'%s' is not a regular file", src);
+               return rc;
        }
 
-       rc = lseek(src_fd, hai->hai_extent.offset, SEEK_SET);
-       if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' seek to read to "LPU64" (len %jd)"
-                        " failed (%s)\n",
-                        src, hai->hai_extent.offset, (intmax_t)src_st.st_size,
-                        strerror(errno));
-               rc = -errno;
-               goto out;
+       if (hai->hai_extent.offset > (__u64)src_st.st_size) {
+               rc = -EINVAL;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "Trying to start reading past end (%ju > "
+                        "%jd) of '%s' source file",
+                        (uintmax_t)hai->hai_extent.offset,
+                        (intmax_t)src_st.st_size, src);
+               return rc;
        }
 
        if (fstat(dst_fd, &dst_st) < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' stat failed (%s)\n", dst, strerror(errno));
-               return -errno;
+               rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot stat '%s'", dst);
+               return rc;
        }
 
        if (!S_ISREG(dst_st.st_mode)) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' not a regular file\n", dst);
-               return -EINVAL;
+               rc = -EINVAL;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "'%s' is not a regular file", dst);
+               return rc;
        }
 
-       rc = lseek(dst_fd, hai->hai_extent.offset, SEEK_SET);
-       if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' seek to write to "LPU64" failed (%s)\n", src,
-                        hai->hai_extent.offset, strerror(errno));
-               rc = -errno;
-               goto out;
-       }
+       /* Don't read beyond a given extent */
+       if (length > src_st.st_size - hai->hai_extent.offset)
+               length = src_st.st_size - hai->hai_extent.offset;
+
+       start_time = last_bw_print = last_report_time = time(NULL);
 
-       he.offset = hai->hai_extent.offset;
+       he.offset = offset;
        he.length = 0;
-       rc = llapi_hsm_action_progress(hcp, &he, 0);
+       rc = llapi_hsm_action_progress(hcp, &he, length, 0);
        if (rc < 0) {
                /* Action has been canceled or something wrong
                 * is happening. Stop copying data. */
-               CT_ERROR("%s->'%s' progress returned err %d\n", src, dst, rc);
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "progress ioctl for copy '%s'->'%s' failed",
+                        src, dst);
                goto out;
        }
 
        errno = 0;
-       /* Don't read beyond a given extent */
-       rlen = (hai->hai_extent.length == -1LL) ?
-               src_st.st_size : hai->hai_extent.length;
-
-       while (wpos < rlen) {
-               int chunk = (rlen - wpos > opt.o_chunk_size) ?
-                           opt.o_chunk_size : rlen - wpos;
-
-               /* Only read more if we wrote everything in the buffer */
-               if (wpos == rpos) {
-                       rsize = nonblock_rw(0, src_fd, buf, chunk);
-                       if (rsize == 0)
-                               /* EOF */
-                               break;
 
-                       if (rsize == -EAGAIN) {
-                               /* Timed out */
-                               rsize = 0;
-                               if (rpos == 0) {
-                                       /* Haven't read anything yet, let's
-                                        * give it back to the coordinator
-                                        * for rescheduling */
-                                       rc = -EAGAIN;
-                                       break;
-                               }
-                       }
+       buf = malloc(opt.o_chunk_size);
+       if (buf == NULL) {
+               rc = -ENOMEM;
+               goto out;
+       }
 
-                       if (rsize < 0) {
-                               CT_ERROR("'%s' read failed (%s)\n", src,
-                                        strerror(-rsize));
-                               rc = rsize;
-                               break;
-                       }
+       CT_TRACE("start copy of %ju bytes from '%s' to '%s'",
+                (uintmax_t)length, src, dst);
 
-                       rpos += rsize;
-                       bufoff = 0;
-               }
+       while (write_total < length) {
+               ssize_t rsize;
+               ssize_t wsize;
+               int     chunk = (length - write_total > opt.o_chunk_size) ?
+                                opt.o_chunk_size : length - write_total;
 
-               wsize = nonblock_rw(1, dst_fd, buf + bufoff, rpos - wpos);
-               if (wsize == -EAGAIN)
-                       /* Timed out */
-                       wsize = 0;
+               rsize = pread(src_fd, buf, chunk, offset);
+               if (rsize == 0)
+                       /* EOF */
+                       break;
 
+               if (rsize < 0) {
+                       rc = -errno;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot read from '%s'", src);
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               wsize = pwrite(dst_fd, buf, rsize, offset);
                if (wsize < 0) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' write failed (%s)\n", dst,
-                                strerror(-wsize));
-                       rc = wsize;
+                       rc = -errno;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot write to '%s'", dst);
                        break;
                }
 
-               wpos += wsize;
-               bufoff += wsize;
+               write_total += wsize;
+               offset += wsize;
 
+               now = time(NULL);
+               /* sleep if needed, to honor bandwidth limits */
                if (opt.o_bandwidth != 0) {
-                       static unsigned long long       tot_bytes;
-                       static time_t                   start_time, last_time;
-                       time_t                          now = time(0);
-                       double                          tot_time, excess;
-                       unsigned int                    sleep_time;
-
-                       if (now > last_time + 5) {
-                               tot_bytes = 0;
-                               start_time = last_time = now;
-                       }
+                       unsigned long long write_theory;
+
+                       write_theory = (now - start_time) * opt.o_bandwidth;
 
-                       tot_bytes += wsize;
-                       tot_time = now - start_time;
-                       if (tot_time < 1)
-                               tot_time = 1;
+                       if (write_theory < write_total) {
+                               unsigned long long      excess;
+                               struct timespec         delay;
 
-                       excess = tot_bytes - tot_time * opt.o_bandwidth;
-                       sleep_time = excess * 1000000 / opt.o_bandwidth;
-                       if ((now - start_time) % 10 == 1)
-                               CT_TRACE("bandwith control: excess=%E"
-                                        " sleep for %dus\n",
-                                        excess, sleep_time);
+                               excess = write_total - write_theory;
 
-                       if (excess > 0)
-                               usleep(sleep_time);
+                               delay.tv_sec = excess / opt.o_bandwidth;
+                               delay.tv_nsec = (excess % opt.o_bandwidth) *
+                                       NSEC_PER_SEC / opt.o_bandwidth;
 
-                       last_time = now;
+                               if (now >= last_bw_print + opt.o_report_int) {
+                                       CT_TRACE("bandwith control: %lluB/s "
+                                                "excess=%llu sleep for "
+                                                "%lld.%09lds",
+                                                (unsigned long long)opt.o_bandwidth,
+                                                (unsigned long long)excess,
+                                                (long long)delay.tv_sec,
+                                                delay.tv_nsec);
+                                       last_bw_print = now;
+                               }
+
+                               do {
+                                       rc = nanosleep(&delay, &delay);
+                               } while (rc < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+                               if (rc < 0) {
+                                       CT_ERROR(errno, "delay for bandwidth "
+                                                "control failed to sleep: "
+                                                "residual=%lld.%09lds",
+                                                (long long)delay.tv_sec,
+                                                delay.tv_nsec);
+                                       rc = 0;
+                               }
+                       }
                }
 
-               if (time(0) >= last_print_time + opt.o_report_int) {
-                       last_print_time = time(0);
-                       CT_TRACE("%%"LPU64" ", 100 * wpos / rlen);
-                       he.length = wpos;
-                       rc = llapi_hsm_action_progress(hcp, &he, 0);
+               now = time(NULL);
+               if (now >= last_report_time + opt.o_report_int) {
+                       last_report_time = now;
+                       CT_TRACE("%%%ju ", (uintmax_t)(100 * write_total / length));
+                       /* only give the length of the write since the last
+                        * progress report */
+                       he.length = offset - he.offset;
+                       rc = llapi_hsm_action_progress(hcp, &he, length, 0);
                        if (rc < 0) {
                                /* Action has been canceled or something wrong
                                 * is happening. Stop copying data. */
-                               CT_ERROR("%s->'%s' progress returned err %d\n",
-                                        src, dst, rc);
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "progress ioctl for copy"
+                                        " '%s'->'%s' failed", src, dst);
                                goto out;
                        }
+                       he.offset = offset;
                }
                rc = 0;
        }
-       CT_TRACE("\n");
 
 out:
        /*
@@ -676,13 +858,17 @@ out:
                rc = ftruncate(dst_fd, src_st.st_size);
                if (rc < 0) {
                        rc = -errno;
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' final truncate to %jd failed (%s)\n",
-                                dst, (intmax_t)src_st.st_size, strerror(-rc));
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot truncate '%s' to size %jd",
+                                dst, (intmax_t)src_st.st_size);
                        err_major++;
                }
        }
 
-       free(buf);
+       if (buf != NULL)
+               free(buf);
+
+       CT_TRACE("copied %ju bytes in %f seconds",
+                (uintmax_t)length, ct_now() - start_ct_now);
 
        return rc;
 }
@@ -693,11 +879,12 @@ static int ct_copy_attr(const char *src, const char *dst, int src_fd,
 {
        struct stat     st;
        struct timeval  times[2];
+       int             rc;
 
        if (fstat(src_fd, &st) < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' stat failed (%s)\n",
-                    src, strerror(errno));
-               return -errno;
+               rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot stat '%s'", src);
+               return rc;
        }
 
        times[0].tv_sec = st.st_atime;
@@ -707,9 +894,9 @@ static int ct_copy_attr(const char *src, const char *dst, int src_fd,
        if (fchmod(dst_fd, st.st_mode) < 0 ||
            fchown(dst_fd, st.st_uid, st.st_gid) < 0 ||
            futimes(dst_fd, times) < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' fchmod fchown or futimes failed (%s)\n", src,
-                        strerror(errno));
-               return -errno;
+               rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot set attributes of '%s'", src);
+               return rc;
        }
 
        return 0;
@@ -739,13 +926,15 @@ static int ct_copy_xattr(const char *src, const char *dst, int src_fd,
                    (strncmp(XATTR_TRUSTED_PREFIX, name,
                             sizeof(XATTR_TRUSTED_PREFIX) - 1) != 0)) {
                        rc = fsetxattr(dst_fd, name, value, rc, 0);
-                       CT_TRACE("'%s' fsetxattr of '%s' rc=%d (%s)\n",
-                                dst, name, rc, strerror(errno));
+                       CT_TRACE("fsetxattr of '%s' on '%s' rc=%d (%s)",
+                                name, dst, rc, strerror(errno));
                        /* lustre.* attrs aren't supported on other FS's */
                        if (rc < 0 && errno != EOPNOTSUPP) {
-                               CT_ERROR("'%s' fsetxattr of '%s' failed (%s)\n",
-                                        dst, name, strerror(errno));
-                               return -errno;
+                               rc = -errno;
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot set extended attribute"
+                                        " '%s' of '%s'",
+                                        name, dst);
+                               return rc;
                        }
                }
                name += strlen(name) + 1;
@@ -755,24 +944,47 @@ static int ct_copy_xattr(const char *src, const char *dst, int src_fd,
 }
 
 static int ct_path_lustre(char *buf, int sz, const char *mnt,
-                         const lustre_fid *fid)
+                         const struct lu_fid *fid)
+{
+       return scnprintf(buf, sz, "%s/%s/fid/"DFID_NOBRACE, mnt,
+                        dot_lustre_name, PFID(fid));
+}
+
+static int ct_path_archive_v(char *buf, size_t buf_size,
+                            enum ct_archive_format ctaf,
+                            const char *archive_path,
+                            const struct lu_fid *fid,
+                            const char *suffix)
 {
-       return snprintf(buf, sz, "%s/%s/fid/"DFID_NOBRACE, mnt,
-                       dot_lustre_name, PFID(fid));
+       switch (ctaf) {
+       case CT_ARCHIVE_FORMAT_V1:
+               return scnprintf(buf, buf_size,
+                                "%s/%04x/%04x/%04x/%04x/%04x/%04x/"DFID_NOBRACE"%s",
+                                archive_path,
+                                (fid)->f_oid       & 0xFFFF,
+                                (fid)->f_oid >> 16 & 0xFFFF,
+                                (unsigned int)((fid)->f_seq       & 0xFFFF),
+                                (unsigned int)((fid)->f_seq >> 16 & 0xFFFF),
+                                (unsigned int)((fid)->f_seq >> 32 & 0xFFFF),
+                                (unsigned int)((fid)->f_seq >> 48 & 0xFFFF),
+                                PFID(fid),
+                                suffix);
+       case CT_ARCHIVE_FORMAT_V2:
+               return scnprintf(buf, buf_size, "%s/%04x/"DFID_NOBRACE"%s",
+                                archive_path,
+                                (unsigned int)((fid)->f_oid ^ (fid)->f_seq) & 0xFFFF,
+                                PFID(fid),
+                                suffix);
+       default:
+               return -EINVAL;
+       }
 }
 
-static int ct_path_archive(char *buf, int sz, const char *archive_dir,
-                          const lustre_fid *fid)
+static int ct_path_archive(char *buf, size_t buf_size,
+                          const char *archive_path, const struct lu_fid *fid)
 {
-       return snprintf(buf, sz, "%s/%04x/%04x/%04x/%04x/%04x/%04x/"
-                       DFID_NOBRACE, archive_dir,
-                       (fid)->f_oid       & 0xFFFF,
-                       (fid)->f_oid >> 16 & 0xFFFF,
-                       (unsigned int)((fid)->f_seq       & 0xFFFF),
-                       (unsigned int)((fid)->f_seq >> 16 & 0xFFFF),
-                       (unsigned int)((fid)->f_seq >> 32 & 0xFFFF),
-                       (unsigned int)((fid)->f_seq >> 48 & 0xFFFF),
-                       PFID(fid));
+       return ct_path_archive_v(buf, buf_size, opt.o_archive_format,
+                                archive_path, fid, "");
 }
 
 static bool ct_is_retryable(int err)
@@ -791,7 +1003,7 @@ static int ct_begin_restore(struct hsm_copyaction_private **phcp,
                                    false);
        if (rc < 0) {
                ct_path_lustre(src, sizeof(src), opt.o_mnt, &hai->hai_fid);
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' copy start failed (%s)\n", src, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "llapi_hsm_action_begin() on '%s' failed", src);
        }
 
        return rc;
@@ -808,24 +1020,37 @@ static int ct_begin(struct hsm_copyaction_private **phcp,
 static int ct_fini(struct hsm_copyaction_private **phcp,
                   const struct hsm_action_item *hai, int hp_flags, int ct_rc)
 {
-       char    lstr[PATH_MAX];
-       int     rc;
+       struct hsm_copyaction_private   *hcp;
+       char                             lstr[PATH_MAX];
+       int                              rc;
 
        CT_TRACE("Action completed, notifying coordinator "
-                "cookie="LPX64", FID="DFID", hp_flags=%d err=%d\n",
-                hai->hai_cookie, PFID(&hai->hai_fid),
+                "cookie=%#jx, FID="DFID", hp_flags=%d err=%d",
+                (uintmax_t)hai->hai_cookie, PFID(&hai->hai_fid),
                 hp_flags, -ct_rc);
 
        ct_path_lustre(lstr, sizeof(lstr), opt.o_mnt, &hai->hai_fid);
+
+       if (phcp == NULL || *phcp == NULL) {
+               rc = llapi_hsm_action_begin(&hcp, ctdata, hai, -1, 0, true);
+               if (rc < 0) {
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "llapi_hsm_action_begin() on '%s' failed",
+                                lstr);
+                       return rc;
+               }
+               phcp = &hcp;
+       }
+
        rc = llapi_hsm_action_end(phcp, &hai->hai_extent, hp_flags, abs(ct_rc));
        if (rc == -ECANCELED)
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' completed action has been canceled: "
-                        "cookie="LPX64", FID="DFID"\n", lstr, hai->hai_cookie,
-                        PFID(&hai->hai_fid));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "completed action on '%s' has been canceled: "
+                        "cookie=%#jx, FID="DFID, lstr,
+                        (uintmax_t)hai->hai_cookie, PFID(&hai->hai_fid));
        else if (rc < 0)
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' copy end failed (%s)\n", lstr, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "llapi_hsm_action_end() on '%s' failed", lstr);
        else
-               CT_TRACE("'%s' copy end ok (rc=%d)\n", lstr, rc);
+               CT_TRACE("llapi_hsm_action_end() on '%s' ok (rc=%d)",
+                        lstr, rc);
 
        return rc;
 }
@@ -834,7 +1059,8 @@ static int ct_archive(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
 {
        struct hsm_copyaction_private   *hcp = NULL;
        char                             src[PATH_MAX];
-       char                             dst[PATH_MAX];
+       char                             dst[PATH_MAX + 4] = "";
+       char                             root[PATH_MAX] = "";
        int                              rc;
        int                              rcf = 0;
        bool                             rename_needed = false;
@@ -852,17 +1078,19 @@ static int ct_archive(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
         * destination = lustre FID
         */
        ct_path_lustre(src, sizeof(src), opt.o_mnt, &hai->hai_dfid);
-       ct_path_archive(dst, sizeof(dst), opt.o_hsm_root, &hai->hai_fid);
+       ct_path_archive(root, sizeof(root), opt.o_hsm_root, &hai->hai_fid);
        if (hai->hai_extent.length == -1) {
                /* whole file, write it to tmp location and atomically
                 * replace old archived file */
-               strncat(dst, "_tmp", sizeof(dst) - strlen(dst) - 1);
+               snprintf(dst, sizeof(dst), "%s_tmp", root);
                /* we cannot rely on the same test because ct_copy_data()
                 * updates hai_extent.length */
                rename_needed = true;
+       } else {
+               snprintf(dst, sizeof(dst), "%s", root);
        }
 
-       CT_TRACE("'%s' archiving to %s\n", src, dst);
+       CT_TRACE("archiving '%s' to '%s'", src, dst);
 
        if (opt.o_dry_run) {
                rc = 0;
@@ -871,61 +1099,59 @@ static int ct_archive(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
 
        rc = ct_mkdir_p(dst);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' mkdir_p failed (%s)\n", dst, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "mkdir_p '%s' failed", dst);
                goto fini_major;
        }
 
        src_fd = llapi_hsm_action_get_fd(hcp);
        if (src_fd < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' open read failed (%s)\n", src, strerror(errno));
-               rc = -errno;
+               rc = src_fd;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open '%s' for read", src);
                goto fini_major;
        }
 
-       open_flags = O_WRONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_NONBLOCK;
+       open_flags = O_WRONLY | O_NOFOLLOW;
        /* If extent is specified, don't truncate an old archived copy */
        open_flags |= ((hai->hai_extent.length == -1) ? O_TRUNC : 0) | O_CREAT;
 
        dst_fd = open(dst, open_flags, FILE_PERM);
        if (dst_fd == -1) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' open write failed (%s)\n", dst, strerror(errno));
                rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open '%s' for write", dst);
                goto fini_major;
        }
 
        /* saving stripe is not critical */
        rc = ct_save_stripe(src_fd, src, dst);
        if (rc < 0)
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' cannot save file striping info in '%s' (%s)\n",
-                        src, dst, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot save file striping info of '%s' in '%s'",
+                        src, dst);
 
        rc = ct_copy_data(hcp, src, dst, src_fd, dst_fd, hai, hal_flags);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' data copy failed to '%s' (%s)\n",
-                        src, dst, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "data copy failed from '%s' to '%s'", src, dst);
                goto fini_major;
        }
 
        rc = fsync(dst_fd);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' cannot synchronize archive file '%s' (%s)\n",
-                        src, dst, strerror(errno));
                rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot flush '%s' archive file '%s'", src, dst);
                goto fini_major;
        }
 
-       CT_TRACE("'%s' data archived to '%s' done\n", src, dst);
+       CT_TRACE("data archiving for '%s' to '%s' done", src, dst);
 
        /* attrs will remain on the MDS; no need to copy them, except possibly
          for disaster recovery */
        if (opt.o_copy_attrs) {
                rc = ct_copy_attr(src, dst, src_fd, dst_fd);
                if (rc < 0) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' attr copy failed to '%s' (%s)\n",
-                                src, dst, strerror(-rc));
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot copy attr of '%s' to '%s'",
+                                src, dst);
                        rcf = rc;
                }
-               CT_TRACE("'%s' attr file copied to archive '%s'\n",
+               CT_TRACE("attr file for '%s' saved to archive '%s'",
                         src, dst);
        }
 
@@ -934,26 +1160,25 @@ static int ct_archive(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
        if (opt.o_copy_xattrs) {
                rc = ct_copy_xattr(src, dst, src_fd, dst_fd, false);
                if (rc < 0) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' xattr copy failed to '%s' (%s)\n",
-                                src, dst, strerror(-rc));
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot copy xattr of '%s' to '%s'",
+                                src, dst);
                        rcf = rcf ? rcf : rc;
                }
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' xattr file copied to archive '%s'\n",
+               CT_TRACE("xattr file for '%s' saved to archive '%s'",
                         src, dst);
        }
 
        if (rename_needed == true) {
-               char     tmp_src[PATH_MAX];
-               char     tmp_dst[PATH_MAX];
+               char     tmp_src[PATH_MAX + 8];
+               char     tmp_dst[PATH_MAX + 8];
 
                /* atomically replace old archived file */
                ct_path_archive(src, sizeof(src), opt.o_hsm_root,
                                &hai->hai_fid);
                rc = rename(dst, src);
                if (rc < 0) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' renamed to '%s' failed (%s)\n", dst, src,
-                                strerror(errno));
                        rc = -errno;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot rename '%s' to '%s'", dst, src);
                        goto fini_major;
                }
                /* rename lov file */
@@ -961,8 +1186,8 @@ static int ct_archive(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
                snprintf(tmp_dst, sizeof(tmp_dst), "%s.lov", dst);
                rc = rename(tmp_dst, tmp_src);
                if (rc < 0)
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' renamed to '%s' failed (%s)\n",
-                                tmp_dst, tmp_src, strerror(errno));
+                       CT_ERROR(errno, "cannot rename '%s' to '%s'",
+                                tmp_dst, tmp_src);
        }
 
        if (opt.o_shadow_tree) {
@@ -977,20 +1202,21 @@ static int ct_archive(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
                int              linkno = 0;
                char            *ptr;
                int              depth = 0;
-               int              sz;
+               ssize_t          sz;
 
-               sprintf(buf, DFID, PFID(&hai->hai_fid));
                sprintf(src, "%s/shadow/", opt.o_hsm_root);
 
                ptr = opt.o_hsm_root;
                while (*ptr)
                        (*ptr++ == '/') ? depth-- : 0;
 
-               rc = llapi_fid2path(opt.o_mnt, buf, src + strlen(src),
-                                   sizeof(src) - strlen(src), &recno, &linkno);
+               rc = llapi_fid2path_at(opt.o_mnt_fd, &hai->hai_fid,
+                                      src + strlen(src),
+                                      sizeof(src) - strlen(src),
+                                      &recno, &linkno);
                if (rc < 0) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' fid2path failed (%s)\n", buf,
-                                strerror(-rc));
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot get FID of "DFID,
+                                PFID(&hai->hai_fid));
                        rcf = rcf ? rcf : rc;
                        goto fini_minor;
                }
@@ -1006,41 +1232,46 @@ static int ct_archive(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
                ct_path_archive(dst, sizeof(dst), buf, &hai->hai_fid);
 
                if (ct_mkdir_p(src)) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' mkdir_p failed (%s)\n", src,
-                                strerror(errno));
+                       CT_ERROR(errno, "mkdir_p '%s' failed", src);
                        rcf = rcf ? rcf : -errno;
                        goto fini_minor;
                }
                /* symlink already exists ? */
                sz = readlink(src, buf, sizeof(buf));
+               /* detect truncation */
+               if (sz == sizeof(buf)) {
+                       rcf = rcf ? rcf : -E2BIG;
+                       CT_ERROR(rcf, "readlink '%s' truncated", src);
+                       goto fini_minor;
+               }
                if (sz >= 0) {
                        buf[sz] = '\0';
                        if (sz == 0 || strncmp(buf, dst, sz) != 0) {
                                if (unlink(src) && errno != ENOENT) {
-                                       CT_ERROR("'%s' unlink symlink failed "
-                                                "(%s)\n", src,
-                                                strerror(errno));
+                                       CT_ERROR(errno,
+                                                "cannot unlink symlink '%s'",
+                                                src);
                                        rcf = rcf ? rcf : -errno;
                                        goto fini_minor;
-                               /* unlink old symlink done */
-                               CT_TRACE("'%s' remove old symlink pointing"
-                                        " to '%s'\n", src, buf);
                                }
+                               /* unlink old symlink done */
+                               CT_TRACE("remove old symlink '%s' pointing"
+                                        " to '%s'", src, buf);
                        } else {
                                /* symlink already ok */
-                               CT_TRACE("'%s' symlink already pointing"
-                                        " to '%s'\n", src, dst);
+                               CT_TRACE("symlink '%s' already pointing"
+                                        " to '%s'", src, dst);
                                rcf = 0;
                                goto fini_minor;
                        }
                }
                if (symlink(dst, src)) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' symlink to '%s' failed (%s)\n", src, dst,
-                                strerror(errno));
+                       CT_ERROR(errno, "cannot symlink '%s' to '%s'",
+                                src, dst);
                        rcf = rcf ? rcf : -errno;
                        goto fini_minor;
                }
-               CT_TRACE("'%s' symlink to '%s' done\n", src, dst);
+               CT_TRACE("symlink '%s' to '%s' done", src, dst);
        }
 fini_minor:
        if (rcf)
@@ -1064,8 +1295,7 @@ out:
        if (!(dst_fd < 0))
                close(dst_fd);
 
-       if (hcp != NULL)
-               rc = ct_fini(&hcp, hai, hp_flags, rcf);
+       rc = ct_fini(&hcp, hai, hp_flags, rcf);
 
        return rc;
 }
@@ -1081,7 +1311,7 @@ static int ct_restore(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
        int                              hp_flags = 0;
        int                              src_fd = -1;
        int                              dst_fd = -1;
-       int                              mdt_index = -1; /* Not implemented */
+       int                              mdt_index = -1;
        int                              open_flags = 0;
        bool                             set_lovea;
        struct lu_fid                    dfid;
@@ -1093,11 +1323,18 @@ static int ct_restore(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
        /* build backend file name from released file FID */
        ct_path_archive(src, sizeof(src), opt.o_hsm_root, &hai->hai_fid);
 
+       rc = llapi_get_mdt_index_by_fid(opt.o_mnt_fd, &hai->hai_fid,
+                                       &mdt_index);
+       if (rc < 0) {
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot get mdt index "DFID"",
+                        PFID(&hai->hai_fid));
+               return rc;
+       }
        /* restore loads and sets the LOVEA w/o interpreting it to avoid
         * dependency on the structure format. */
        rc = ct_load_stripe(src, lov_buf, &lov_size);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_WARN("'%s' cannot get stripe rules (%s), use default\n",
+               CT_WARN("cannot get stripe rules for '%s' (%s), use default",
                        src, strerror(-rc));
                set_lovea = false;
        } else {
@@ -1112,38 +1349,43 @@ static int ct_restore(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
        /* get the FID of the volatile file */
        rc = llapi_hsm_action_get_dfid(hcp, &dfid);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("restoring "DFID", cannot get FID of created volatile"
-                        " file (%s)\n", PFID(&hai->hai_fid), strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "restoring "DFID
+                        ", cannot get FID of created volatile file",
+                        PFID(&hai->hai_fid));
                goto fini;
        }
 
        /* build volatile "file name", for messages */
        snprintf(dst, sizeof(dst), "{VOLATILE}="DFID, PFID(&dfid));
 
-       CT_TRACE("'%s' restore data to '%s'\n", src, dst);
+       CT_TRACE("restoring data from '%s' to '%s'", src, dst);
 
        if (opt.o_dry_run) {
                rc = 0;
                goto fini;
        }
 
-       src_fd = open(src, O_RDONLY | O_NOATIME | O_NONBLOCK | O_NOFOLLOW);
+       src_fd = open(src, O_RDONLY | O_NOATIME | O_NOFOLLOW);
        if (src_fd < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' open for read failed (%s)\n", src,
-                        strerror(errno));
                rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open '%s' for read", src);
                goto fini;
        }
 
        dst_fd = llapi_hsm_action_get_fd(hcp);
+       if (dst_fd < 0) {
+               rc = dst_fd;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open '%s' for write", dst);
+               goto fini;
+       }
 
        if (set_lovea) {
                /* the layout cannot be allocated through .fid so we have to
                 * restore a layout */
                rc = ct_restore_stripe(src, dst, dst_fd, lov_buf, lov_size);
                if (rc < 0) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' cannot restore file striping info from "
-                                "'%s' (%s)\n", dst, src, strerror(-rc));
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot restore file striping info"
+                                " for '%s' from '%s'", dst, src);
                        err_major++;
                        goto fini;
                }
@@ -1151,19 +1393,18 @@ static int ct_restore(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
 
        rc = ct_copy_data(hcp, src, dst, src_fd, dst_fd, hai, hal_flags);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' data copy to '%s' failed (%s)\n", src, dst,
-                        strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot copy data from '%s' to '%s'",
+                        src, dst);
                err_major++;
                if (ct_is_retryable(rc))
                        hp_flags |= HP_FLAG_RETRY;
                goto fini;
        }
 
-       CT_TRACE("'%s' data restore done to %s\n", src, dst);
+       CT_TRACE("data restore from '%s' to '%s' done", src, dst);
 
 fini:
-       if (hcp != NULL)
-               rc = ct_fini(&hcp, hai, hp_flags, rc);
+       rc = ct_fini(&hcp, hai, hp_flags, rc);
 
        /* object swaping is done by cdt at copy end, so close of volatile file
         * cannot be done before */
@@ -1179,7 +1420,7 @@ fini:
 static int ct_remove(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
 {
        struct hsm_copyaction_private   *hcp = NULL;
-       char                             dst[PATH_MAX];
+       char                             dst[PATH_MAX], attr[PATH_MAX + 4];
        int                              rc;
 
        rc = ct_begin(&hcp, hai);
@@ -1188,7 +1429,7 @@ static int ct_remove(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
 
        ct_path_archive(dst, sizeof(dst), opt.o_hsm_root, &hai->hai_fid);
 
-       CT_TRACE("'%s' removed file\n", dst);
+       CT_TRACE("removing file '%s'", dst);
 
        if (opt.o_dry_run) {
                rc = 0;
@@ -1198,38 +1439,27 @@ static int ct_remove(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
        rc = unlink(dst);
        if (rc < 0) {
                rc = -errno;
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' unlink failed (%s)\n", dst, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot unlink '%s'", dst);
                err_minor++;
                goto fini;
        }
 
-       strncat(dst, ".lov", sizeof(dst) - strlen(dst) - 1);
-       rc = unlink(dst);
+       snprintf(attr, sizeof(attr), "%s.lov", dst);
+       rc = unlink(attr);
        if (rc < 0) {
                rc = -errno;
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' unlink failed (%s)\n", dst, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot unlink '%s'", attr);
                err_minor++;
-               goto fini;
+
+               /* ignore the error when lov file does not exist. */
+               if (rc == -ENOENT)
+                       rc = 0;
+               else
+                       goto fini;
        }
 
 fini:
-       if (hcp != NULL)
-               rc = ct_fini(&hcp, hai, 0, rc);
-
-       return rc;
-}
-
-static int ct_report_error(const struct hsm_action_item *hai, int flags,
-                          int errval)
-{
-       struct hsm_copyaction_private   *hcp;
-       int                              rc;
-
-       rc = llapi_hsm_action_begin(&hcp, ctdata, hai, -1, 0, true);
-       if (rc < 0)
-               return rc;
-
-       rc = llapi_hsm_action_end(&hcp, &hai->hai_extent, flags, abs(errval));
+       rc = ct_fini(&hcp, hai, 0, rc);
 
        return rc;
 }
@@ -1240,22 +1470,21 @@ static int ct_process_item(struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
 
        if (opt.o_verbose >= LLAPI_MSG_INFO || opt.o_dry_run) {
                /* Print the original path */
-               char            fid[128];
                char            path[PATH_MAX];
                long long       recno = -1;
                int             linkno = 0;
 
-               sprintf(fid, DFID, PFID(&hai->hai_fid));
-               CT_TRACE("'%s' action %s reclen %d, cookie="LPX64"\n",
-                        fid, hsm_copytool_action2name(hai->hai_action),
-                        hai->hai_len, hai->hai_cookie);
-               rc = llapi_fid2path(opt.o_mnt, fid, path,
-                                   sizeof(path), &recno, &linkno);
+               CT_TRACE(DFID" action %s reclen %d, cookie=%#jx",
+                        PFID(&hai->hai_fid),
+                        hsm_copytool_action2name(hai->hai_action),
+                        hai->hai_len, (uintmax_t)hai->hai_cookie);
+               rc = llapi_fid2path_at(opt.o_mnt_fd, &hai->hai_fid, path,
+                                      sizeof(path), &recno, &linkno);
                if (rc < 0)
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' fid2path failed (%s)\n", fid,
-                                strerror(-rc));
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot get path of "DFID,
+                                PFID(&hai->hai_fid));
                else
-                       CT_TRACE("'%s' processing file\n", path);
+                       CT_TRACE("processing file '%s'", path);
        }
 
        switch (hai->hai_action) {
@@ -1270,7 +1499,8 @@ static int ct_process_item(struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
                rc = ct_remove(hai, hal_flags);
                break;
        case HSMA_CANCEL:
-               CT_TRACE("'%s' cancel not implemented\n", opt.o_mnt);
+               CT_TRACE("cancel not implemented for file system '%s'",
+                        opt.o_mnt);
                /* Don't report progress to coordinator for this cookie:
                 * the copy function will get ECANCELED when reporting
                 * progress. */
@@ -1278,10 +1508,11 @@ static int ct_process_item(struct hsm_action_item *hai, const long hal_flags)
                return 0;
                break;
        default:
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' unknown action %d\n", opt.o_mnt,
-                        hai->hai_action);
+               rc = -EINVAL;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "unknown action %d, on '%s'", hai->hai_action,
+                        opt.o_mnt);
                err_minor++;
-               ct_report_error(hai, 0, -EINVAL);
+               ct_fini(NULL, hai, 0, rc);
        }
 
        return 0;
@@ -1327,8 +1558,8 @@ static int ct_process_item_async(const struct hsm_action_item *hai,
 
        rc = pthread_attr_init(&attr);
        if (rc != 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' pthread_attr_init: %s\n", opt.o_mnt,
-                        strerror(rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "pthread_attr_init failed for '%s' service",
+                        opt.o_mnt);
                free(data->hai);
                free(data);
                return -rc;
@@ -1338,7 +1569,8 @@ static int ct_process_item_async(const struct hsm_action_item *hai,
 
        rc = pthread_create(&thread, &attr, ct_thread, data);
        if (rc != 0)
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' thread create: (%s)\n", opt.o_mnt, strerror(rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot create thread for '%s' service",
+                        opt.o_mnt);
 
        pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
        return 0;
@@ -1347,34 +1579,40 @@ static int ct_process_item_async(const struct hsm_action_item *hai,
 static int ct_import_one(const char *src, const char *dst)
 {
        char            newarc[PATH_MAX];
-       lustre_fid      fid;
+       struct lu_fid   fid;
        struct stat     st;
        int             rc;
 
-       CT_TRACE("'%s' importing from %s\n", dst, src);
+       CT_TRACE("importing '%s' from '%s'", dst, src);
 
        if (stat(src, &st) < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' stat failed (%s)\n", src, strerror(errno));
-               return -errno;
+               rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot stat '%s'", src);
+               return rc;
        }
 
        if (opt.o_dry_run)
                return 0;
 
        rc = llapi_hsm_import(dst,
-                             opt.o_archive_cnt ? opt.o_archive_id[0] : 0,
-                             &st, 0, 0, 0, 0, NULL, &fid);
+                             opt.o_archive_id_used ? opt.o_archive_id[0] : 0,
+                             &st,
+                             0 /* default stripe_size */,
+                             -1 /* default stripe offset */,
+                             0 /* default stripe count */,
+                             0 /* stripe pattern (will be RAID0+RELEASED) */,
+                             NULL /* pool_name */,
+                             &fid);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' import from '%s' failed (%s)\n", dst, src,
-                        strerror(-rc));
-               return -rc;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot import '%s' from '%s'", dst, src);
+               return rc;
        }
 
        ct_path_archive(newarc, sizeof(newarc), opt.o_hsm_root, &fid);
 
        rc = ct_mkdir_p(newarc);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' mkdir_p failed (%s)\n", newarc, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "mkdir_p '%s' failed", newarc);
                err_major++;
                return rc;
 
@@ -1383,12 +1621,12 @@ static int ct_import_one(const char *src, const char *dst)
        /* Lots of choices now: mv, ln, ln -s ? */
        rc = link(src, newarc); /* hardlink */
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' link to '%s' failed (%s)\n", newarc, src,
-                        strerror(errno));
+               rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot link '%s' to '%s'", newarc, src);
                err_major++;
-               return -errno;
+               return rc;
        }
-       CT_TRACE("'%s' imported from '%s'=='%s'\n", dst, newarc, src);
+       CT_TRACE("imported '%s' from '%s'=='%s'", dst, newarc, src);
 
        return 0;
 }
@@ -1396,29 +1634,52 @@ static int ct_import_one(const char *src, const char *dst)
 static char *path_concat(const char *dirname, const char *basename)
 {
        char    *result;
-       int      dirlen = strlen(dirname);
+       int      rc;
 
-       result = malloc(dirlen + strlen(basename) + 2);
-       if (result == NULL)
+       rc = asprintf(&result, "%s/%s", dirname, basename);
+       if (rc < 0)
                return NULL;
 
-       memcpy(result, dirname, dirlen);
-       result[dirlen] = '/';
-       strcpy(result + dirlen + 1, basename);
-
        return result;
 }
 
+static int ct_import_fid(const struct lu_fid *import_fid)
+{
+       char    fid_path[PATH_MAX];
+       int     rc;
+
+       ct_path_lustre(fid_path, sizeof(fid_path), opt.o_mnt, import_fid);
+       rc = access(fid_path, F_OK);
+       if (rc == 0 || errno != ENOENT) {
+               rc = (errno == 0) ? -EEXIST : -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot import '"DFID"'", PFID(import_fid));
+               return rc;
+       }
+
+       ct_path_archive(fid_path, sizeof(fid_path), opt.o_hsm_root,
+                       import_fid);
+
+       CT_TRACE("Resolving "DFID" to %s", PFID(import_fid), fid_path);
+
+       return ct_import_one(fid_path, opt.o_dst);
+}
+
 static int ct_import_recurse(const char *relpath)
 {
        DIR             *dir;
-       struct dirent    ent, *cookie = NULL;
+       struct dirent   *ent;
        char            *srcpath, *newpath;
+       struct lu_fid    import_fid;
        int              rc;
 
        if (relpath == NULL)
                return -EINVAL;
 
+       /* Is relpath a FID? */
+       rc = llapi_fid_parse(relpath, &import_fid, NULL);
+       if (!rc)
+               return ct_import_fid(&import_fid);
+
        srcpath = path_concat(opt.o_hsm_root, relpath);
        if (srcpath == NULL) {
                err_major++;
@@ -1433,42 +1694,29 @@ static int ct_import_recurse(const char *relpath)
                           final location. */
                        rc = ct_import_one(srcpath, opt.o_dst);
                } else {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' opendir failed (%s)\n", srcpath,
-                                strerror(errno));
-                       err_major++;
                        rc = -errno;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot opendir '%s'", srcpath);
+                       err_major++;
                }
                free(srcpath);
                return rc;
        }
        free(srcpath);
 
-       while (1) {
-               rc = readdir_r(dir, &ent, &cookie);
-               if (rc != 0) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' readdir_r failed (%s)\n", relpath,
-                                strerror(errno));
-                       err_major++;
-                       rc = -errno;
-                       goto out;
-               } else if ((rc == 0) && (cookie == NULL)) {
-                       /* end of directory */
-                       break;
-               }
-
-               if (!strcmp(ent.d_name, ".") ||
-                   !strcmp(ent.d_name, ".."))
+       while ((ent = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
+               if (!strcmp(ent->d_name, ".") ||
+                   !strcmp(ent->d_name, ".."))
                        continue;
 
                /* New relative path */
-               newpath = path_concat(relpath, ent.d_name);
+               newpath = path_concat(relpath, ent->d_name);
                if (newpath == NULL) {
                        err_major++;
                        rc = -ENOMEM;
                        goto out;
                }
 
-               if (ent.d_type == DT_DIR) {
+               if (ent->d_type == DT_DIR) {
                        rc = ct_import_recurse(newpath);
                } else {
                        char src[PATH_MAX];
@@ -1482,14 +1730,13 @@ static int ct_import_recurse(const char *relpath)
                                /* Import the file */
                                rc = ct_import_one(src, dst);
                        } else {
-                               CT_ERROR("'%s' ct_mkdir_p failed (%s)\n", dst,
-                                        strerror(-rc));
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "ct_mkdir_p '%s' failed", dst);
                                err_major++;
                        }
                }
 
                if (rc != 0) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' importing failed\n", newpath);
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot import '%s'", newpath);
                        if (err_major && opt.o_abort_on_error) {
                                free(newpath);
                                goto out;
@@ -1504,35 +1751,40 @@ out:
        return rc;
 }
 
-static int ct_rebind_one(const lustre_fid *old_fid, const lustre_fid *new_fid)
+static int ct_rebind_one(const struct lu_fid *old_fid,
+                        const struct lu_fid *new_fid)
 {
-       char src[PATH_MAX];
-       char dst[PATH_MAX];
+       char    src[PATH_MAX];
+       char    dst[PATH_MAX];
+       int     rc;
 
-       CT_TRACE("rebind "DFID" to "DFID"\n", PFID(old_fid), PFID(new_fid));
+       CT_TRACE("rebind "DFID" to "DFID, PFID(old_fid), PFID(new_fid));
 
        ct_path_archive(src, sizeof(src), opt.o_hsm_root, old_fid);
        ct_path_archive(dst, sizeof(dst), opt.o_hsm_root, new_fid);
 
        if (!opt.o_dry_run) {
+               char src_attr[PATH_MAX + 4];
+               char dst_attr[PATH_MAX + 4];
+
                ct_mkdir_p(dst);
                if (rename(src, dst)) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' rename to '%s' failed (%s)\n", src, dst,
-                                strerror(errno));
+                       rc = -errno;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot rename '%s' to '%s'", src, dst);
                        return -errno;
                }
                /* rename lov file */
-               strncat(src, ".lov", sizeof(src) - strlen(src) - 1);
-               strncat(dst, ".lov", sizeof(dst) - strlen(dst) - 1);
-               if (rename(src, dst))
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' rename to '%s' failed (%s)\n", src, dst,
-                                strerror(errno));
+               snprintf(src_attr, sizeof(src_attr), "%s.lov", src);
+               snprintf(dst_attr, sizeof(dst_attr), "%s.lov", dst);
+               if (rename(src_attr, dst_attr))
+                       CT_ERROR(errno, "cannot rename '%s' to '%s'",
+                                src_attr, dst_attr);
 
        }
        return 0;
 }
 
-static bool fid_is_file(lustre_fid *fid)
+static bool fid_is_file(struct lu_fid *fid)
 {
        return fid_is_norm(fid) || fid_is_igif(fid);
 }
@@ -1565,14 +1817,16 @@ static int ct_rebind_list(const char *list)
 
        filp = fopen(list, "r");
        if (filp == NULL) {
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' open failed (%s)\n", list, strerror(errno));
-               return -errno;
+               rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open '%s'", list);
+               return rc;
        }
 
        /* each line consists of 2 FID */
        while ((r = getline(&line, &line_size, filp)) != -1) {
-               lustre_fid      old_fid;
-               lustre_fid      new_fid;
+               struct lu_fid old_fid;
+               struct lu_fid new_fid;
+               char *next_fid;
 
                /* Ignore empty and commented out ('#...') lines. */
                if (should_ignore_line(line))
@@ -1580,11 +1834,17 @@ static int ct_rebind_list(const char *list)
 
                nl++;
 
-               rc = sscanf(line, SFID" "SFID, RFID(&old_fid), RFID(&new_fid));
-               if (rc != 6 || !fid_is_file(&old_fid) ||
-                   !fid_is_file(&new_fid)) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' FID expected near '%s', line %u\n",
-                                list, line, nl);
+               rc = llapi_fid_parse(line, &old_fid, &next_fid);
+               if (rc)
+                       goto error;
+               rc = llapi_fid_parse(next_fid, &new_fid, NULL);
+               if (rc)
+                       goto error;
+               if (!fid_is_file(&old_fid) || !fid_is_file(&new_fid))
+                       rc = -EINVAL;
+               if (rc) {
+error:                 CT_ERROR(rc, "%s:%u: two FIDs expected in '%s'",
+                                list, nl, line);
                        err_major++;
                        continue;
                }
@@ -1600,30 +1860,34 @@ static int ct_rebind_list(const char *list)
        if (line)
                free(line);
 
-       /* return 0 if all rebinds were sucessful */
-       CT_TRACE("'%s' %u lines read, %u rebind successful\n", list, nl, ok);
+       /* return 0 if all rebinds were successful */
+       CT_TRACE("%u lines read from '%s', %u rebind successful", nl, list, ok);
 
        return ok == nl ? 0 : -1;
 }
 
 static int ct_rebind(void)
 {
-       int     rc;
+       int rc;
 
        if (opt.o_dst) {
-               lustre_fid      old_fid;
-               lustre_fid      new_fid;
-
-               if (sscanf(opt.o_src, SFID, RFID(&old_fid)) != 3 ||
-                   !fid_is_file(&old_fid)) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' invalid FID format\n", opt.o_src);
-                       return -EINVAL;
+               struct lu_fid old_fid;
+               struct lu_fid new_fid;
+
+               rc = llapi_fid_parse(opt.o_src, &old_fid, NULL);
+               if (!rc && !fid_is_file(&old_fid))
+                       rc = -EINVAL;
+               if (rc) {
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "invalid source FID '%s'", opt.o_src);
+                       return rc;
                }
 
-               if (sscanf(opt.o_dst, SFID, RFID(&new_fid)) != 3 ||
-                   !fid_is_file(&new_fid)) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' invalid FID format\n", opt.o_dst);
-                       return -EINVAL;
+               rc = llapi_fid_parse(opt.o_dst, &new_fid, NULL);
+               if (!rc && !fid_is_file(&new_fid))
+                       rc = -EINVAL;
+               if (rc) {
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "invalid destination FID '%s'", opt.o_dst);
+                       return rc;
                }
 
                rc = ct_rebind_one(&old_fid, &new_fid);
@@ -1637,43 +1901,217 @@ static int ct_rebind(void)
        return rc;
 }
 
+static int ct_opendirat(int parent_fd, const char *name, DIR **pdir)
+{
+       DIR *dir = NULL;
+       int fd = -1;
+       int rc;
+
+       fd = openat(parent_fd, name, O_RDONLY|O_DIRECTORY);
+       if (fd < 0)
+               return -errno;
+
+       dir = fdopendir(fd);
+       if (dir == NULL) {
+               rc = -errno;
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       *pdir = dir;
+       fd = -1;
+       rc = 0;
+out:
+       if (!(fd < 0))
+               close(fd);
+
+       return rc;
+}
+
+static int ct_archive_upgrade_reg(int arc_fd, enum ct_archive_format ctaf,
+                                 int old_fd, const char *name)
+{
+       char new_path[PATH_MAX];
+       struct lu_fid fid;
+       char *split;
+       int scan_count;
+       int suffix_offset = -1;
+       int rc;
+
+       /* Formatted fix with optional suffix. We do not inspect
+        * suffixes. */
+       scan_count = sscanf(name, SFID"%n", RFID(&fid), &suffix_offset);
+       if (scan_count != 3 || suffix_offset < 0) {
+               rc = 0;
+               CT_TRACE("ignoring unexpected file '%s' in archive", name);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       ct_path_archive_v(new_path, sizeof(new_path),
+                         ctaf, ".", &fid, name + suffix_offset);
+
+       rc = renameat(old_fd, name, arc_fd, new_path);
+       if (rc == 0)
+               goto out;
+
+       if (errno != ENOENT) {
+               rc = -errno;
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       /* Create parent directory and try again. */
+       split = strrchr(new_path, '/');
+
+       *split = '\0';
+       rc = ct_mkdirat_p(arc_fd, new_path, DIR_PERM);
+       *split = '/';
+       if (rc < 0)
+               goto out;
+
+       rc = renameat(old_fd, name, arc_fd, new_path);
+       if (rc < 0)
+               rc = -errno;
+out:
+       if (rc < 0)
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot rename '%s' to '%s'", name, new_path);
+       else
+               CT_TRACE("renamed '%s' to '%s'", name, new_path);
+
+       return rc;
+}
+
+static const char *d_type_name(unsigned int type)
+{
+       static const char *name[] = {
+               [DT_UNKNOWN] = "unknown",
+               [DT_FIFO] = "fifo",
+               [DT_CHR] = "chr",
+               [DT_DIR] = "dir",
+               [DT_BLK] = "blk",
+               [DT_REG] = "reg",
+               [DT_LNK] = "lnk",
+               [DT_SOCK] = "sock",
+               [DT_WHT] = "wht",
+       };
+
+       if (type < ARRAY_SIZE(name) && name[type] != NULL)
+               return name[type];
+
+       return name[DT_UNKNOWN];
+}
+
+static int ct_archive_upgrade_dir(int arc_fd, enum ct_archive_format ctaf,
+                                 int parent_fd, const char *dir_name)
+{
+       DIR *dir = NULL;
+       struct dirent *d;
+       int rc = 0;
+       int rc2;
+
+       rc = ct_opendirat(parent_fd, dir_name, &dir);
+       if (rc < 0) {
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open archive dir '%s'", dir_name);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       while ((d = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
+               CT_TRACE("archive upgrade found %s '%s' (%ld)\n",
+                        d_type_name(d->d_type), d->d_name, d->d_ino);
+
+               switch (d->d_type) {
+               case DT_DIR:
+                       if (strcmp(d->d_name, ".") == 0 ||
+                           strcmp(d->d_name, "..") == 0)
+                               continue;
+
+                       if (strlen(d->d_name) != 4 ||
+                           strspn(d->d_name, "0123456789abcdef") != 4)
+                               goto ignore;
+
+                       rc2 = ct_archive_upgrade_dir(arc_fd, ctaf,
+                                                    dirfd(dir), d->d_name);
+                       if (rc2 < 0) {
+                               rc = rc2;
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot upgrade dir '%s' (%ld)",
+                                        d->d_name, d->d_ino);
+                       }
+
+                       rc2 = unlinkat(dirfd(dir), d->d_name, AT_REMOVEDIR);
+                       CT_TRACE("unlink dir '%s' (%ld): %s",
+                                d->d_name, d->d_ino, strerror(rc2 < 0 ? errno: 0));
+                       if (rc2 < 0 && errno != ENOTEMPTY)
+                               rc = -errno;
+
+                       break;
+               case DT_REG:
+                       rc2 = ct_archive_upgrade_reg(arc_fd, ctaf,
+                                                    dirfd(dir), d->d_name);
+                       if (rc2 < 0)
+                               rc = rc2;
+
+                       break;
+               default:
+ignore:
+                       CT_TRACE("ignoring unexpected %s '%s' (%ld) in archive",
+                                d_type_name(d->d_type), d->d_name, d->d_ino);
+                       break;
+               }
+       }
+out:
+       if (dir != NULL)
+               closedir(dir);
+
+       return rc;
+}
+
+/* Recursive inplace upgrade (or downgrade) of archive to format
+ * ctaf. Prunes empty archive subdirectories. Idempotent. */
+static int ct_archive_upgrade(int arc_fd, enum ct_archive_format ctaf)
+{
+       /* FIXME Handle shadow tree. */
+       CT_TRACE("upgrade archive to format %s", ct_archive_format_to_str(ctaf));
+
+       return ct_archive_upgrade_dir(arc_fd, ctaf, arc_fd, ".");
+}
+
 static int ct_dir_level_max(const char *dirpath, __u16 *sub_seqmax)
 {
        DIR             *dir;
        int              rc;
        __u16            sub_seq;
-       struct dirent    ent, *cookie = NULL;
+       struct dirent *ent;
 
        *sub_seqmax = 0;
 
        dir = opendir(dirpath);
        if (dir == NULL) {
                rc = -errno;
-               CT_ERROR("'%s' failed to open directory (%s)\n", opt.o_hsm_root,
-                        strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open directory '%s'", opt.o_hsm_root);
                return rc;
        }
 
-       while ((rc = readdir_r(dir, &ent, &cookie)) == 0) {
-               if (cookie == NULL)
+       do {
+               errno = 0;
+               ent = readdir(dir);
+               if (ent == NULL) {
                        /* end of directory.
                         * rc is 0 and seqmax contains the max value. */
+                       rc = -errno;
+                       if (rc)
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot readdir '%s'", dirpath);
                        goto out;
+               }
 
-               if (!strcmp(ent.d_name, ".") || !strcmp(ent.d_name, ".."))
+               if (!strcmp(ent->d_name, ".") || !strcmp(ent->d_name, ".."))
                        continue;
 
-               if (sscanf(ent.d_name, "%hx", &sub_seq) != 1) {
-                       CT_TRACE("'%s' unexpected dirname format, "
-                                "skip entry.\n", ent.d_name);
+               if (sscanf(ent->d_name, "%hx", &sub_seq) != 1) {
+                       CT_TRACE("'%s' has an unexpected dirname format, "
+                                "skip entry", ent->d_name);
                        continue;
                }
                if (sub_seq > *sub_seqmax)
                        *sub_seqmax = sub_seq;
-       }
-       rc = -errno;
-       CT_ERROR("'%s' readdir_r failed (%s)\n", dirpath, strerror(-rc));
-
+       } while (1);
 out:
        closedir(dir);
        return rc;
@@ -1681,24 +2119,31 @@ out:
 
 static int ct_max_sequence(void)
 {
-       int   rc, i;
-       char  path[PATH_MAX];
-       __u64 seq = 0;
-       __u16 subseq;
+       int     rc, i;
+       char    path[PATH_MAX];
+       __u64   seq = 0;
+       __u16   subseq;
 
-       strncpy(path, opt.o_hsm_root, sizeof(path));
+       snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s", opt.o_hsm_root);
        /* FID sequence is stored in top-level directory names:
         * hsm_root/16bits (high weight)/16 bits/16 bits/16 bits (low weight).
         */
        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+               size_t path_len;
+
                rc = ct_dir_level_max(path, &subseq);
                if (rc != 0)
                        return rc;
                seq |= ((__u64)subseq << ((3 - i) * 16));
-               sprintf(path + strlen(path), "/%04x", subseq);
+               path_len = strlen(path);
+               rc = snprintf(path + path_len, sizeof(path) - path_len,
+                             "/%04x", subseq);
+               if (rc >= (sizeof(path) - path_len))
+                       return -E2BIG;
+               path[sizeof(path) - 1] = '\0';
        }
 
-       printf("max_sequence: %016Lx\n", seq);
+       printf("max_sequence: %#jx\n", (uintmax_t)seq);
 
        return 0;
 }
@@ -1711,50 +2156,76 @@ static void handler(int signal)
         * does successfully unmount and the mount is actually gone, but the
         * mtab entry remains. So this just makes mtab happier. */
        llapi_hsm_copytool_unregister(&ctdata);
+
+       /* Also remove fifo upon signal as during normal/error exit */
+       if (opt.o_event_fifo != NULL)
+               llapi_hsm_unregister_event_fifo(opt.o_event_fifo);
        _exit(1);
 }
 
 /* Daemon waits for messages from the kernel; run it in the background. */
 static int ct_run(void)
 {
-       int     rc;
+       struct sigaction cleanup_sigaction;
+       int rc;
 
        if (opt.o_daemonize) {
                rc = daemon(1, 1);
                if (rc < 0) {
-                       CT_ERROR("%d: cannot start as daemon (%s)", getpid(),
-                                strerror(errno));
-                       return -errno;
+                       rc = -errno;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot daemonize");
+                       return rc;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (opt.o_pid_file != NULL) {
+               pid_file_fd = create_pid_file(opt.o_pid_file);
+               if (pid_file_fd < 0) {
+                       rc = -errno;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot create PID file");
+                       return rc;
                }
        }
 
-       rc = llapi_hsm_copytool_register(&ctdata, opt.o_mnt, 0,
-                                        opt.o_archive_cnt, opt.o_archive_id);
+       setbuf(stdout, NULL);
+
+       if (opt.o_event_fifo != NULL) {
+               rc = llapi_hsm_register_event_fifo(opt.o_event_fifo);
+               if (rc < 0) {
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "failed to register event fifo");
+                       return rc;
+               }
+               llapi_error_callback_set(llapi_hsm_log_error);
+       }
+
+       rc = llapi_hsm_copytool_register(&ctdata, opt.o_mnt,
+                                        opt.o_archive_id_used,
+                                        opt.o_archive_id, 0);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("%d: cannot start copytool interface: %s\n", getpid(),
-                        strerror(-rc));
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot start copytool interface");
                return rc;
        }
 
-       signal(SIGINT, handler);
-       signal(SIGTERM, handler);
+       memset(&cleanup_sigaction, 0, sizeof(cleanup_sigaction));
+       cleanup_sigaction.sa_handler = handler;
+       sigemptyset(&cleanup_sigaction.sa_mask);
+       sigaction(SIGINT, &cleanup_sigaction, NULL);
+       sigaction(SIGTERM, &cleanup_sigaction, NULL);
 
        while (1) {
-               struct hsm_action_list  *hal;
-               struct hsm_action_item  *hai;
-               int                      msgsize;
-               int                      i = 0;
+               struct hsm_action_list *hal;
+               struct hsm_action_item *hai;
+               int msgsize;
+               int i = 0;
 
-               CT_TRACE("%d: waiting for message from kernel\n", getpid());
+               CT_TRACE("waiting for message from kernel");
 
                rc = llapi_hsm_copytool_recv(ctdata, &hal, &msgsize);
                if (rc == -ESHUTDOWN) {
-                       CT_TRACE("%d: shutting down", getpid());
+                       CT_TRACE("shutting down");
                        break;
-               } else if (rc == -EAGAIN) {
-                       continue; /* msg not for us */
                } else if (rc < 0) {
-                       CT_WARN("%d: message receive: (%s)\n", getpid(),
+                       CT_WARN("cannot receive action list: %s",
                                strerror(-rc));
                        err_major++;
                        if (opt.o_abort_on_error)
@@ -1763,12 +2234,12 @@ static int ct_run(void)
                                continue;
                }
 
-               CT_TRACE("%d: copytool fs=%s archive#=%d item_count=%d\n",
-                        getpid(), hal->hal_fsname, hal->hal_archive_id,
-                        hal->hal_count);
+               CT_TRACE("copytool fs=%s archive#=%d item_count=%d",
+                        hal->hal_fsname, hal->hal_archive_id, hal->hal_count);
 
                if (strcmp(hal->hal_fsname, fs_name) != 0) {
-                       CT_ERROR("'%s' invalid fs name, expecting: %s\n",
+                       rc = -EINVAL;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "'%s' invalid fs name, expecting: %s",
                                 hal->hal_fsname, fs_name);
                        err_major++;
                        if (opt.o_abort_on_error)
@@ -1780,51 +2251,161 @@ static int ct_run(void)
                hai = hai_first(hal);
                while (++i <= hal->hal_count) {
                        if ((char *)hai - (char *)hal > msgsize) {
-                               CT_ERROR("'%s' item %d past end of message!\n",
+                               rc = -EPROTO;
+                               CT_ERROR(rc,
+                                        "'%s' item %d past end of message!",
                                         opt.o_mnt, i);
                                err_major++;
-                               rc = -EPROTO;
                                break;
                        }
                        rc = ct_process_item_async(hai, hal->hal_flags);
                        if (rc < 0)
-                               CT_ERROR("'%s' item %d process err: %s\n",
-                                        opt.o_mnt, i, strerror(-rc));
+                               CT_ERROR(rc, "'%s' item %d process",
+                                        opt.o_mnt, i);
                        if (opt.o_abort_on_error && err_major)
                                break;
                        hai = hai_next(hai);
                }
 
-               llapi_hsm_action_list_free(&hal);
-
                if (opt.o_abort_on_error && err_major)
                        break;
        }
 
        llapi_hsm_copytool_unregister(&ctdata);
+       if (opt.o_event_fifo != NULL)
+               llapi_hsm_unregister_event_fifo(opt.o_event_fifo);
 
        return rc;
 }
 
-static int ct_setup(void)
+static int ct_config_get_str(struct cYAML *obj, const char *key, char **pvalue)
 {
-       int     rc;
+       struct cYAML *cy;
+       char *value;
 
-       /* set llapi message level */
-       llapi_msg_set_level(opt.o_verbose);
+       if (obj->cy_type != CYAML_TYPE_OBJECT)
+               return -EINVAL;
 
-       arc_fd = open(opt.o_hsm_root, O_RDONLY);
-       if (arc_fd < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("cannot open archive at '%s': %s\n", opt.o_hsm_root,
-                        strerror(errno));
-               return -errno;
+       for (cy = obj->cy_child; cy != NULL; cy = cy->cy_next) {
+               if (cy->cy_string != NULL && strcmp(cy->cy_string, key) == 0) {
+                       if (cy->cy_type != CYAML_TYPE_STRING)
+                               return -EINVAL;
+
+                       if (cy->cy_valuestring == NULL)
+                               return -EINVAL;
+
+                       value = strdup(cy->cy_valuestring);
+                       if (value == NULL)
+                               return -ENOMEM;
+
+                       *pvalue = value;
+
+                       return 0;
+               }
        }
 
+       return -ENOENT;
+}
+
+static int ct_config_archive_format(struct cYAML *config)
+{
+       char *value = NULL;
+       int rc;
+
+       rc = ct_config_get_str(config, "archive_format", &value);
+       if (rc < 0)
+               return (rc == -ENOENT) ? 0 : rc;
+
+       rc = ct_str_to_archive_format(value, &opt.o_archive_format);
+       if (rc < 0)
+               goto out;
+
+       CT_TRACE("setting archive format to %s",
+                ct_archive_format_to_str(opt.o_archive_format));
+
+out:
+       free(value);
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int ct_config_archive_path(struct cYAML *config)
+{
+       int rc;
+
+       rc = ct_config_get_str(config, "archive_path", &opt.o_hsm_root);
+       if (rc < 0)
+               return (rc == -ENOENT) ? 0 : rc;
+
+       CT_TRACE("setting archive path to '%s'", opt.o_hsm_root);
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int ct_config(const char *path)
+{
+       FILE *file = NULL;
+       struct cYAML *config = NULL;
+       int rc;
+
+       if (path == NULL)
+               return 0;
+
+       file = fopen(path, "r");
+       if (file == NULL) {
+               rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open '%s'", path);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       config = cYAML_load(file, NULL, false);
+       if (config == NULL) {
+               rc = -EINVAL;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot load archive config from '%s'", path);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       rc = ct_config_archive_format(config);
+       if (rc < 0) {
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot load archive format from '%s'", path);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       rc = ct_config_archive_path(config);
+       if (rc < 0) {
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot load archive path from '%s'", path);
+               goto out;
+       }
+out:
+       if (config != NULL)
+               cYAML_free_tree(config);
+
+       if (file != NULL)
+               fclose(file);
+
+       return rc;
+}
+
+static int ct_setup(void)
+{
+       int     rc;
+
+       if (opt.o_action == CA_ARCHIVE_UPGRADE)
+               return 0;
+
        rc = llapi_search_fsname(opt.o_mnt, fs_name);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("cannot find a Lustre filesystem mounted at: %s\n",
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot find a Lustre filesystem mounted at '%s'",
                         opt.o_mnt);
-               return -rc;
+               return rc;
+       }
+
+       opt.o_mnt_fd = open(opt.o_mnt, O_RDONLY);
+       if (opt.o_mnt_fd < 0) {
+               rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open mount point at '%s'",
+                        opt.o_mnt);
+               return rc;
        }
 
        return rc;
@@ -1832,12 +2413,30 @@ static int ct_setup(void)
 
 static int ct_cleanup(void)
 {
-       if (arc_fd < 0)
-               return 0;
+       int     rc;
 
-       if (close(arc_fd) < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("cannot close archive: %s.\n", strerror(errno));
-               return -errno;
+       if (opt.o_mnt_fd >= 0) {
+               rc = close(opt.o_mnt_fd);
+               if (rc < 0) {
+                       rc = -errno;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot close mount point");
+                       return rc;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (arc_fd >= 0) {
+               rc = close(arc_fd);
+               if (rc < 0) {
+                       rc = -errno;
+                       CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot close archive root directory");
+                       return rc;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (opt.o_archive_id_cnt > 0) {
+               free(opt.o_archive_id);
+               opt.o_archive_id = NULL;
+               opt.o_archive_id_cnt = 0;
        }
 
        return 0;
@@ -1847,14 +2446,35 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
        int     rc;
 
-       strncpy(cmd_name, basename(argv[0]), sizeof(cmd_name));
+       snprintf(cmd_name, sizeof(cmd_name), "%s", basename(argv[0]));
        rc = ct_parseopts(argc, argv);
        if (rc < 0) {
-               CT_ERROR("try '%s --help' for more information.\n", cmd_name);
+               CT_WARN("try '%s --help' for more information", cmd_name);
+               return -rc;
+       }
+
+       llapi_msg_set_level(opt.o_verbose);
+
+       rc = ct_config(opt.o_config_path);
+       if (rc < 0)
+               return -rc;
+
+       if (opt.o_hsm_root == NULL) {
+               rc = -EINVAL;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "must specify a root directory for the backend");
                return -rc;
        }
 
-       ct_setup();
+       arc_fd = open(opt.o_hsm_root, O_RDONLY);
+       if (arc_fd < 0) {
+               rc = -errno;
+               CT_ERROR(rc, "cannot open archive at '%s'", opt.o_hsm_root);
+               return rc;
+       }
+
+       rc = ct_setup();
+       if (rc < 0)
+               goto error_cleanup;
 
        switch (opt.o_action) {
        case CA_IMPORT:
@@ -1866,18 +2486,21 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
        case CA_MAXSEQ:
                rc = ct_max_sequence();
                break;
+       case CA_ARCHIVE_UPGRADE:
+               rc = ct_archive_upgrade(arc_fd, opt.o_archive_format);
+               break;
        default:
                rc = ct_run();
                break;
        }
 
        if (opt.o_action != CA_MAXSEQ)
-               CT_TRACE("%s(%d) finished, errs: %d major, %d minor, "
-                        "rc=%d (%s)\n", argv[0], getpid(), err_major,
-                        err_minor, rc, strerror(-rc));
+               CT_TRACE("process finished, errs: %d major, %d minor,"
+                        " rc=%d (%s)", err_major, err_minor, rc,
+                        strerror(-rc));
 
+error_cleanup:
        ct_cleanup();
 
        return -rc;
 }
-