lustre/tests/mpi/mdsrate.c

   1 /*
   2  * 2003, Copyright, Hewlett-Packard Development Compnay, LP.
   3  *
   4  * Developed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Government
   5  *     under Subcontract No. B514193
   6  */
   7
   8 /*
   9  * Copyright (c) 2008, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  10  * Use is subject to license terms.
  11  *
  12  * Copyright (c) 2012, 2015, Intel Corporation.
  13  */
  14
  15 #include <stdio.h>
  16 #include <getopt.h>
  17 #include <libgen.h>
  18 #include <sys/types.h>
  19 #include <sys/stat.h>
  20 #include <time.h>
  21 #include <limits.h>
  22 #include <errno.h>
  23 #include <string.h>
  24 #include <fcntl.h>
  25 #include <unistd.h>
  26 #include <stdlib.h>
  27 #include <stdarg.h>
  28 #include <signal.h>
  29 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
  30 #include <dirent.h>
  31 #include <sys/xattr.h>
  32
  33 #include "mpi.h"
  34
  35 /* lustre */
  36 #include <lustre/lustreapi.h>        /* for O_LOV_DELAY_CREATE */
  37
  38 #define CHECK_COUNT 10000
  39 #define DISPLAY_COUNT (CHECK_COUNT * 10)
  40 #define DISPLAY_TIME 100
  41
  42 enum {
  43         CREATE          = 'c',
  44         LOOKUP          = 'l',
  45         MKNOD           = 'm',
  46         OPEN            = 'o',
  47         STAT            = 's',
  48         UNLINK          = 'u',
  49         BEGIN           = 'b',
  50         ITERS           = 'i',
  51         TIME            = 't',
  52         DIRFMT          = 'd',
  53         NDIRS           = 'D',
  54         FILEFMT         = 'f',
  55         NFILES          = 'F',
  56         NOEXCL          = 'X',
  57         STRIPES         = 'S',
  58         SEED            = 'r',
  59         SEEDFILE        = 'R',
  60         RANDOM          = 'A',
  61         READDIR         = 'B',
  62         RECREATE        = 'C',
  63         SETXATTR        = 'x',
  64         SMALLWRITE      = 'w',
  65         IGNORE          = 'E',
  66         VERBOSE         = 'V',
  67         DEBUG           = 'v',
  68         HELP            = 'h',
  69         MNT             = 'M',
  70         MNTCOUNT        = 'N',
  71         MDTCOUNT        = 'T',
  72 };
  73
  74 struct option longOpts[] = {
  75         { .name = "create", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = CREATE },
  76         { .name = "lookup", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = LOOKUP },
  77         { .name = "mknod", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = MKNOD },
  78         { .name = "open", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = OPEN },
  79         { .name = "stat", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = STAT },
  80         { .name = "unlink", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = UNLINK },
  81         { .name = "begin", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = BEGIN },
  82         { .name = "iters", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = ITERS },
  83         /* time is in seconds */
  84         { .name = "time", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = TIME },
  85         { .name = "dirfmt", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = DIRFMT },
  86         { .name = "ndirs", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = NDIRS },
  87         { .name = "filefmt", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = FILEFMT },
  88         { .name = "nfiles", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = NFILES },
  89         { .name = "noexcl", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = NOEXCL },
  90         { .name = "stripes", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = STRIPES },
  91         { .name = "seed", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = SEED },
  92         { .name = "seedfile", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = SEEDFILE },
  93         { .name = "random_order", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = RANDOM },
  94         { .name = "readdir_order", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = READDIR },
  95         { .name = "recreate", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = RECREATE },
  96         { .name = "setxattr", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = SETXATTR },
  97         { .name = "smallwrite", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = SMALLWRITE },
  98         { .name = "ignore", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = IGNORE },
  99         { .name = "verbose", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = VERBOSE },
 100         { .name = "debug", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = DEBUG },
 101         { .name = "help", .has_arg = no_argument, .val = HELP },
 102         { .name = "mdtcount", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = MDTCOUNT },
 103         { .name = "mntcount", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = MNTCOUNT },
 104         { .name = "mntfmt", .has_arg = required_argument, .val = MNT },
 105         { .name = NULL }
 106 };
 107
 108 int foo1, foo2;
 109
 110 char   shortOpts[128];
 111 int    myrank = -1;
 112 int    nthreads = -1;
 113 char * prog;
 114 char   hostname[512] = "unknown";
 115 char   mode;
 116 char * cmd;
 117 int    openflags = O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL;
 118 int    ndirs = 1;
 119 char * dirfmt;
 120 char   dir[PATH_MAX];
 121 char   mkdir_cmd[PATH_MAX+32];
 122 int    dirthreads;
 123 int    dirnum;
 124 DIR *  directory;
 125 struct dirent *dir_entry;
 126 int    nfiles;
 127 char   filefmt[PATH_MAX];
 128 char   filename[PATH_MAX];
 129 char   path[PATH_MAX];
 130 int    stripes = -1;
 131 int    begin;
 132 int    beginsave;
 133 int    end;
 134 int    iters;
 135 int    seconds;
 136 int    alarm_caught;
 137 struct sigaction act;
 138 int    order = RANDOM;
 139 int    seed;
 140 int    recreate;
 141 int    ignore;
 142 int    verbose;
 143 int    debug;
 144 struct stat statbuf;
 145 bool   with_xattr;
 146 char   xattrname[] = "user.mdsrate";
 147 char   xattrbuf[4096];
 148 /* max xattr name + value length is block size, use 4000 here to avoid ENOSPC */
 149 int    xattrlen = 4000;
 150 bool   smallwrite;
 151 int    mnt_count = -1;
 152 int    mdt_count = 1;
 153 char  *mntfmt;
 154
 155 #define dmesg if (debug) printf
 156
 157 #define DISPLAY_PROGRESS() {                                                \
 158         if (verbose && (nops % CHECK_COUNT == 0)) {                         \
 159                 curTime = MPI_Wtime();                                      \
 160                 interval = curTime - lastTime;                              \
 161                 if (interval > DISPLAY_TIME || nops % DISPLAY_COUNT == 0) { \
 162                         rate = (double)(nops - lastOps)/interval;           \
 163                         printf("Rank %d: %.2f %ss/sec %.2f secs "           \
 164                                "(total: %d %ss %.2f secs)\n",               \
 165                                myrank, rate, cmd, interval,                 \
 166                                nops, cmd, curTime - startTime);             \
 167                         lastOps = nops;                                     \
 168                         lastTime = curTime;                                 \
 169                 }                                                           \
 170         }                                                                   \
 171 }
 172
 173 char *usage_msg = "usage: %s\n"
 174                   "    { --create [ --noexcl | --setxattr | --smallwrite ] |\n"
 175                   "      --lookup | --mknod [ --setxattr ] | --open |\n"
 176                   "      --stat | --unlink [ --recreate ] [ --ignore ] |\n"
 177                   "      --setxattr }\n"
 178                   "    [ --help ] [ --verbose ] [ --debug ]\n"
 179                   "    { [ --begin <num> ] --nfiles <num> }\n"
 180                   "    [ --iters <num> ] [ --time <secs> ]\n"
 181                   "    [ --dirfmt <str> ] [ --ndirs  <num> ]\n"
 182                   "    [ --filefmt <str> ] [ --stripes <num> ]\n"
 183                   "    [ --random_order [--seed <num> | --seedfile <file>] ]\n"
 184                   "    [ --readdir_order ] [ --mntfmt <str> ]\n"
 185                   "    [ --mntcount <num> ] [ --mdtcount <num> ]\n"
 186                   "    [ --setxattr ] }\n";
 187
 188 static void
 189 usage(FILE *stream, char *fmt, ...)
 190 {
 191         if (myrank == 0) {
 192                 if (fmt != NULL) {
 193                         va_list       ap;
 194
 195                         fprintf(stream, "%s: ", prog);
 196                         va_start(ap, fmt);
 197                         vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
 198                         va_end(ap);
 199                 }
 200                 fprintf(stream, usage_msg, prog);
 201         }
 202
 203         MPI_Finalize();
 204         exit(stream == stderr);
 205 }
 206
 207 /* Print process myrank and message, and exit (i.e. a fatal error) */
 208 static int
 209 fatal(int rank, const char *fmt, ...)
 210 {
 211         if (rank == myrank) {
 212                 va_list       ap;
 213
 214                 fprintf(stderr, "rank %d: ", rank);
 215                 va_start(ap, fmt);
 216                 vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
 217                 va_end(ap);
 218         }
 219
 220         MPI_Abort(MPI_COMM_WORLD, 1);
 221         exit(1);
 222 }
 223
 224 static void
 225 sigalrm_handler(int signum)
 226 {
 227         alarm_caught++;
 228 }
 229
 230 static void
 231 process_args(int argc, char *argv[])
 232 {
 233         char   *cp, *endptr;
 234         int    i, index, offset, tmpend, rc;
 235         char   tmp[16];
 236         FILE * seed_file;
 237         struct option *opt;
 238
 239         setbuf(stdout, 0);
 240         setbuf(stderr, 0);
 241         prog = basename(argv[0]);
 242         strcpy(filefmt, "f%d");
 243         gethostname(hostname, sizeof(hostname));
 244
 245         /* auto create shortOpts rather than maintaining a static string. */
 246         for (opt = longOpts, cp = shortOpts; opt->name != NULL; opt++, cp++) {
 247                 *cp = opt->val;
 248                 if (opt->has_arg)
 249                         *++cp = ':';
 250         }
 251
 252         while ((rc = getopt_long(argc,argv, shortOpts, longOpts,&index)) != -1) {
 253                 switch (rc) {
 254                 case OPEN:
 255                         openflags &= ~(O_CREAT|O_EXCL);
 256                 case CREATE:
 257                 case LOOKUP:
 258                 case MKNOD:
 259                 case STAT:
 260                 case UNLINK:
 261                         if (cmd != NULL) {
 262                                 fatal(0, "Invalid - more than one operation "
 263                                            "specified: --%s\n",
 264                                         longOpts[index].name);
 265                         }
 266                         mode = rc;
 267                         cmd = (char *)longOpts[index].name;
 268                         break;
 269                 case NOEXCL:
 270                         if (mode != CREATE && mode != MKNOD) {
 271                                 usage(stderr, "--noexcl only applies to "
 272                                               "--create or --mknod.\n");
 273                         }
 274                         openflags &= ~O_EXCL;
 275                         break;
 276                 case RECREATE:
 277                         if (mode != UNLINK) {
 278                                 usage(stderr, "--recreate only makes sense"
 279                                               "with --unlink.\n");
 280                         }
 281                         recreate++;
 282                         break;
 283                 case SETXATTR:
 284                         if (cmd == NULL) {
 285                                 mode = SETXATTR;
 286                                 cmd = (char *)longOpts[index].name;
 287                         } else if (mode == CREATE || mode == MKNOD) {
 288                                 with_xattr = true;
 289                         } else {
 290                                 usage(stderr, "--setxattr only makes sense "
 291                                       "with --create, --mknod or alone.\n");
 292                         }
 293                         break;
 294                 case SMALLWRITE:
 295                         if (mode != CREATE)
 296                                 usage(stderr, "--smallwrite only applies to "
 297                                               "--create.\n");
 298                         smallwrite = true;
 299                         break;
 300                 case BEGIN:
 301                         begin = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 302                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (begin < 0)) {
 303                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --start value.\n");
 304                         }
 305                         break;
 306                 case ITERS:
 307                         iters = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 308                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (iters <= 0)) {
 309                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --iters value.\n");
 310                         }
 311                         if (mode != LOOKUP && mode != OPEN) {
 312                                 usage(stderr, "--iters only makes sense with "
 313                                               "--lookup or --open.\n");
 314                         }
 315                         break;
 316                 case TIME:
 317                         seconds = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 318                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (seconds <= 0)) {
 319                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --time value.\n");
 320                         }
 321                         break;
 322                 case DIRFMT:
 323                         if (strlen(optarg) > (PATH_MAX - 16)) {
 324                                 fatal(0, "--dirfmt too long\n");
 325                         }
 326                         dirfmt = optarg;
 327                         break;
 328                 case NDIRS:
 329                         ndirs = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 330                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (ndirs <= 0)) {
 331                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --ndirs value.\n");
 332                         }
 333                         if ((ndirs > nthreads) &&
 334                             ((mode == CREATE) || (mode == MKNOD))) {
 335                                 fatal(0, "--ndirs=%d must be less than or "
 336                                       "equal to the number of threads (%d).\n",
 337                                       ndirs, nthreads);
 338                         }
 339                         break;
 340                 case FILEFMT:
 341                         if (strlen(optarg) > 4080) {
 342                                 fatal(0, "--filefmt too long\n");
 343                         }
 344
 345                         /* Use %%d where you want the file # in the name. */
 346                         sprintf(filefmt, optarg, myrank);
 347                         break;
 348                 case NFILES:
 349                         nfiles = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 350                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (nfiles <= 0)) {
 351                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --nfiles value.\n");
 352                         }
 353                         break;
 354                 case STRIPES:
 355                         stripes = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 356                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (stripes < 0)) {
 357                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --stripes value.\n");
 358                         }
 359
 360                         if (stripes == 0) {
 361                                 openflags |= O_LOV_DELAY_CREATE;
 362                         } else {
 363                                 fatal(0, "non-zero --stripes value "
 364                                          "not yet supported.\n");
 365                         }
 366
 367                         break;
 368                 case SEED:
 369                         seed = strtoul(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 370                         if (*endptr) {
 371                                 fatal(0, "bad --seed option %s\n", optarg);
 372                         }
 373                         break;
 374                 case SEEDFILE:
 375                         seed_file = fopen(optarg, "r");
 376                         if (!seed_file) {
 377                               fatal(myrank, "fopen(%s) error: %s\n",
 378                                       optarg, strerror(errno));
 379                         }
 380
 381                         for (i = -1; fgets(tmp, 16, seed_file) != NULL;) {
 382                                 if (++i == myrank)
 383                                         break;
 384                         }
 385
 386                         if (i == myrank) {
 387                                 rc = sscanf(tmp, "%d", &seed);
 388                                 if ((rc != 1) || (seed < 0)) {
 389                                         fatal(myrank, "Invalid seed value '%s' "
 390                                               "at line %d in %s.\n",
 391                                               tmp, i, optarg);
 392                                 }
 393                         } else {
 394                                 fatal(myrank, "File '%s' too short. Does not "
 395                                       "contain a seed for thread %d.\n",
 396                                       optarg, myrank);
 397                         }
 398
 399                         fclose(seed_file);
 400                         break;
 401                 case RANDOM:
 402                 case READDIR:
 403                         if (mode != LOOKUP && mode != OPEN)  {
 404                                 fatal(0, "--%s can only be specified with "
 405                                          "--lookup, or --open.\n",
 406                                       (char *)longOpts[index].name);
 407                         }
 408                         order = rc;
 409                         break;
 410                 case IGNORE:
 411                         ++ignore;
 412                         break;
 413                 case DEBUG:
 414                         ++debug;
 415                 case VERBOSE:
 416                         ++verbose;
 417                         break;
 418                 case HELP:
 419                         usage(stdout, NULL);
 420                         break;
 421                 case MNT:
 422                         if (strlen(optarg) > (PATH_MAX - 16))
 423                                 fatal(0, "--mnt too long\n");
 424                         mntfmt = optarg;
 425                         break;
 426                 case MNTCOUNT:
 427                         mnt_count = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 428                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (mnt_count <= 0)) {
 429                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --mnt_count value %s.\n",
 430                                       optarg);
 431                         }
 432                         break;
 433                 case MDTCOUNT:
 434                         mdt_count = strtol(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 435                         if ((*endptr != 0) || (mdt_count <= 0)) {
 436                                 fatal(0, "Invalid --mdt_count value %s.\n",
 437                                       optarg);
 438                         }
 439                         break;
 440                 default:
 441                         usage(stderr, "unrecognized option: '%c'.\n", optopt);
 442                 }
 443         }
 444
 445         if (optind < argc) {
 446                 usage(stderr, "too many arguments %d >= %d.\n", optind, argc);
 447         }
 448
 449         if ((mnt_count != -1 && mntfmt == NULL) ||
 450             (mnt_count == -1 && mntfmt != NULL)) {
 451                 usage(stderr, "mnt_count and mntfmt must be specified at the "
 452                              "same time\n");
 453         }
 454
 455         if (mode == CREATE || mode == MKNOD || mode == UNLINK ||
 456             mode == STAT || mode == SETXATTR) {
 457                 if (seconds != 0) {
 458                         if (nfiles == 0)
 459                                 nfiles = INT_MAX;
 460                 } else if (nfiles == 0) {
 461                         usage(stderr, "--nfiles or --time must be specified "
 462                                       "with %s.\n", cmd);
 463                 }
 464         } else if (mode == LOOKUP || mode == OPEN) {
 465                 if (seconds != 0) {
 466                         if (iters == 0)
 467                                 iters = INT_MAX;
 468                 } else if (iters == 0) {
 469                         usage(stderr, "--iters or --time must be specifed "
 470                                       "with %s.\n", cmd);
 471                 }
 472
 473                 if (nfiles == 0) {
 474                         usage(stderr, "--nfiles must be specifed with --%s.\n",
 475                               cmd);
 476                 }
 477
 478                 if (seed == 0) {
 479                         int fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
 480
 481                         if (fd >= 0) {
 482                                 if (read(fd, &seed, sizeof(seed)) <
 483                                     sizeof(seed))
 484                                         seed = time(0);
 485                                 close(fd);
 486                         } else {
 487                                 seed = time(0);
 488                         }
 489                 }
 490
 491                 srand(seed);
 492
 493                 dmesg("%s: rank %d seed %d (%s).\n", prog, myrank, seed,
 494                       (order == RANDOM) ? "random_order" : "readdir_order");
 495         } else {
 496                 usage(stderr, "one --create, --mknod, --open, --stat,"
 497                       " --lookup,"
 498                       " --unlink or --setxattr must be specifed.");
 499         }
 500
 501         /* support for multiple threads in a dir, set begin/end appropriately.*/
 502         dirnum = myrank % ndirs;
 503         dirthreads = nthreads / ndirs;
 504         if (nthreads > (ndirs * dirthreads + dirnum))
 505                 ++dirthreads;
 506
 507         offset = myrank / ndirs;
 508
 509         tmpend = begin + nfiles - 1;
 510         if (tmpend <= 0)
 511                 tmpend = INT_MAX;
 512
 513         end = begin + (nfiles / dirthreads) * dirthreads + offset;
 514         if ((end > tmpend) || (end <= 0))
 515                 end -= dirthreads;
 516
 517         /* make sure mnt_count <= nthreads, otherwise it might div 0 in
 518          * the following test */
 519         if (mnt_count > nthreads)
 520                 mnt_count = nthreads;
 521
 522         begin += offset;
 523         if (begin < 0)
 524                 begin = INT_MAX;
 525
 526         beginsave = begin;
 527
 528         dmesg("%d: iters %d nfiles %d time %d begin %d end %d dirthreads %d."
 529               "\n", myrank, iters, nfiles, seconds, begin, end, dirthreads);
 530
 531         if (dirfmt == NULL) {
 532                 strcpy(dir, ".");
 533         } else {
 534                 int dir_len = 0;
 535
 536                 if (mntfmt != NULL) {
 537                         sprintf(dir, mntfmt, (myrank / (nthreads/mnt_count)));
 538                         strcat(dir, "/");
 539                         dir_len = strlen(dir);
 540                 }
 541                 sprintf(dir + dir_len, dirfmt, dirnum);
 542
 543                 if (mdt_count > 1) {
 544                         struct stat sb;
 545                         if (stat(dir, &sb) == 0) {
 546                                 if (!S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode))
 547                                         fatal(myrank, "'%s' is not dir\n", dir);
 548                         } else if (errno == ENOENT) {
 549                                 sprintf(mkdir_cmd, "lfs mkdir -i %d %s",
 550                                         myrank % mdt_count, dir);
 551                         } else {
 552                                 fatal(myrank, "'%s' stat failed\n", dir);
 553                         }
 554                 } else {
 555                         sprintf(mkdir_cmd, "mkdir -p %s", dir);
 556                 }
 557
 558                 dmesg("%d: %s\n", myrank, mkdir_cmd);
 559 #ifdef _LIGHTWEIGHT_KERNEL
 560                 printf("NOTICE: not running system(%s)\n", mkdir_cmd);
 561 #else
 562                 rc = system(mkdir_cmd);
 563                 if (rc)
 564                         fatal(myrank, "'%s' failed.\n", mkdir_cmd);
 565 #endif
 566
 567                 rc = chdir(dir);
 568                 if (rc) {
 569                         fatal(myrank, "unable to chdir to '%s'.\n", dir);
 570                 }
 571         }
 572 }
 573
 574 static inline char *next_file()
 575 {
 576         if (order == RANDOM) {
 577                 sprintf(filename, filefmt, random() % nfiles);
 578                 return(filename);
 579         }
 580
 581         /* readdir order */
 582
 583         dir_entry = readdir(directory);
 584         if (dir_entry == NULL) {
 585                 rewinddir(directory);
 586                 while ((dir_entry = readdir(directory)) != NULL) {
 587                         if (dir_entry->d_name[0] != '.')
 588                                 return(dir_entry->d_name);
 589                 }
 590
 591                 fatal(myrank, "unable to read directory %s (%s).\n",
 592                       dir, strerror(errno));
 593         }
 594
 595         return(dir_entry->d_name);
 596 }
 597
 598 int
 599 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 600 {
 601         int    i, j, fd, rc, nops, lastOps;
 602         int ag_ops = 0;
 603         double ag_interval = 0;
 604         double ag_rate = 0;
 605         double rate, avg_rate, effective_rate;
 606         double startTime, curTime, lastTime, interval;
 607         time_t timestamp;
 608         char * file;
 609
 610         rc = MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);
 611         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 612                 fatal(myrank, "MPI_Init failed: %d\n", rc);
 613
 614         rc = MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &nthreads);
 615         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 616                 fatal(myrank, "MPI_Comm_size failed: %d\n", rc);
 617
 618         rc = MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &myrank);
 619         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 620                 fatal(myrank, "MPI_Comm_rank failed: %d\n", rc);
 621
 622         process_args(argc, argv);
 623
 624         timestamp = time(0);
 625         if ((myrank == 0) || debug) {
 626                 printf("%d: %s starting at %s",
 627                        myrank, hostname, ctime(&timestamp));
 628         }
 629
 630         /* if we're not measuring creation rates then precreate
 631          * the files we're operating on. */
 632         if ((mode != CREATE) && (mode != MKNOD) && !ignore &&
 633             (mode != UNLINK || recreate)) {
 634                 /* create the files in reverse order. When we encounter
 635                  * a file that already exists, assume the remainder of
 636                  * the files exist to save time. The timed performance
 637                  * test scripts make use of this behavior. */
 638                 for (i = end, j = 0; i >= begin; i -= dirthreads) {
 639                         sprintf(filename, filefmt, i);
 640                         fd = open(filename, openflags, 0644);
 641                         if (fd < 0) {
 642                                 if (errno == EEXIST)
 643                                         break;
 644                                 rc = errno;
 645                                 fatal(myrank, "precreate open(%s) error: %s\n",
 646                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 647                         }
 648                         j++;
 649                         close(fd);
 650                 }
 651                 dmesg("%d: %s pre-created %d files.\n",myrank,hostname,j);
 652
 653                 rc = MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
 654                 if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 655                         fatal(myrank, "prep MPI_Barrier failed: %d\n", rc);
 656         }
 657
 658         if (order == READDIR) {
 659                 directory = opendir(dir);
 660                 if (directory == NULL) {
 661                         rc = errno;
 662                         fatal(myrank, "opendir(%s) error: %s\n",
 663                               dir, strerror(rc));
 664                 }
 665
 666                 timestamp = time(0);
 667                 j = random() % nfiles;
 668                 dmesg("%d: %s initializing dir offset %u: %s",
 669                       myrank, hostname, j, ctime(&timestamp));
 670
 671                 for (i = 0; i <= j; i++) {
 672                         if ((dir_entry = readdir(directory)) == NULL) {
 673                                 fatal(myrank, "could not read entry number %d "
 674                                       "in directory %s.\n", i, dir);
 675                         }
 676                 }
 677
 678                 timestamp = time(0);
 679                 dmesg("%d: index %d, filename %s, offset %ld: "
 680                       "%s initialization complete: %s",
 681                       myrank, i, dir_entry->d_name, telldir(directory),
 682                       hostname, ctime(&timestamp));
 683         }
 684
 685         if (seconds) {
 686                 act.sa_handler = sigalrm_handler;
 687                 (void)sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
 688                 act.sa_flags = 0;
 689                 sigaction(SIGALRM, &act, NULL);
 690                 alarm(seconds);
 691         }
 692
 693         rc = MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
 694         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 695                 fatal(myrank, "prep MPI_Barrier failed: %d\n", rc);
 696
 697         startTime = lastTime = MPI_Wtime();
 698         nops = lastOps = 0;
 699
 700         switch (mode) {
 701         case CREATE:
 702                 for (; begin <= end && !alarm_caught; begin += dirthreads) {
 703                         snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), filefmt, begin);
 704                         fd = open(filename, openflags, 0644);
 705                         if (fd < 0) {
 706                                 rc = errno;
 707                                 if (rc == EINTR && alarm_caught)
 708                                         break;
 709                                 fatal(myrank, "open(%s) error: %s\n",
 710                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 711                         }
 712
 713                         if (with_xattr) {
 714                                 rc = fsetxattr(fd, xattrname, xattrbuf,
 715                                                xattrlen, XATTR_CREATE);
 716                                 if (rc) {
 717                                         rc = errno;
 718                                         if (rc == EINTR && alarm_caught)
 719                                                 break;
 720                                         fatal(myrank,
 721                                               "setxattr(%s) error: %s\n",
 722                                               filename, strerror(rc));
 723                                 }
 724                         }
 725                         if (smallwrite) {
 726                                 rc = write(fd, xattrbuf, xattrlen);
 727                                 if (rc < 0) {
 728                                         rc = errno;
 729                                         if (rc == EINTR && alarm_caught)
 730                                                 break;
 731                                         fatal(myrank,
 732                                               "write(%s) error: %s\n",
 733                                               filename, strerror(rc));
 734                                 }
 735                         }
 736
 737                         close(fd);
 738                         nops++;
 739                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 740                 }
 741
 742                 dmesg("%d: created %d files, last file '%s'.\n",
 743                       myrank, nops, filename);
 744                 break;
 745         case LOOKUP:
 746                 fd = open(dir, O_RDONLY);
 747                 if (fd < 0) {
 748                         fatal(myrank, "open(dir == '%s') error: %s\n",
 749                               dir, strerror(errno));
 750                 }
 751
 752                 for (; nops < iters && !alarm_caught;) {
 753                         char *filename = next_file();
 754                         rc = llapi_file_lookup(fd, filename);
 755                         if (rc < 0) {
 756                                 if (((rc = errno) == EINTR) && alarm_caught)
 757                                         break;
 758                                 fatal(myrank, "llapi_file_lookup(%s) "
 759                                       "error: %s\n", filename, strerror(rc));
 760                         }
 761
 762                         nops++;
 763                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 764                 }
 765                 break;
 766         case MKNOD:
 767                 for (; begin <= end && !alarm_caught; begin += dirthreads) {
 768                         snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), filefmt, begin);
 769                         rc = mknod(filename, S_IFREG | 0644, 0);
 770                         if (rc) {
 771                                 rc = errno;
 772                                 if (rc == EINTR && alarm_caught)
 773                                         break;
 774                                 fatal(myrank, "mknod(%s) error: %s\n",
 775                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 776                         }
 777
 778                         if (with_xattr) {
 779                                 rc = setxattr(filename, xattrname, xattrbuf,
 780                                               xattrlen, XATTR_CREATE);
 781                                 if (rc) {
 782                                         rc = errno;
 783                                         if (rc == EINTR && alarm_caught)
 784                                                 break;
 785                                         fatal(myrank,
 786                                               "setxattr(%s) error: %s\n",
 787                                               filename, strerror(rc));
 788                                 }
 789                         }
 790
 791                         nops++;
 792                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 793                 }
 794                 break;
 795         case OPEN:
 796                 for (; nops < iters && !alarm_caught;) {
 797                         file = next_file();
 798                         if ((fd = open(file, openflags, 0644)) < 0) {
 799                                 if (((rc = errno) == EINTR) && alarm_caught)
 800                                         break;
 801                                 fatal(myrank, "open(%s) error: %s\n",
 802                                       file, strerror(rc));
 803                         }
 804
 805                         close(fd);
 806
 807                         nops++;
 808                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 809                 }
 810                 break;
 811         case STAT:
 812                 for (; begin <= end && !alarm_caught; begin += dirthreads) {
 813                         sprintf(filename, filefmt, begin);
 814                         rc = stat(filename, &statbuf);
 815                         if (rc) {
 816                                 if (((rc = errno) == EINTR) && alarm_caught)
 817                                         break;
 818                                 if (((rc = errno) == ENOENT) && ignore)
 819                                         continue;
 820                                 fatal(myrank, "stat(%s) error: %s\n",
 821                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 822                         }
 823
 824                         nops++;
 825                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 826                 }
 827                 break;
 828         case UNLINK:
 829                 for (; begin <= end && !alarm_caught; begin += dirthreads) {
 830                         sprintf(filename, filefmt, begin);
 831                         rc = unlink(filename);
 832                         if (rc) {
 833                                 if (((rc = errno) == EINTR) && alarm_caught)
 834                                         break;
 835                                 if ((rc = errno) == ENOENT) {
 836                                         if (ignore)
 837                                                 continue;
 838                                         /* no more files to unlink */
 839                                         break;
 840                                 }
 841                                 fatal(myrank, "unlink(%s) error: %s\n",
 842                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 843                         }
 844
 845                         nops++;
 846                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 847                 }
 848                 break;
 849         case SETXATTR:
 850                 for (; begin <= end && !alarm_caught; begin += dirthreads) {
 851                         snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), filefmt, begin);
 852                         rc = setxattr(filename, xattrname, xattrbuf, xattrlen,
 853                                       XATTR_CREATE);
 854                         if (rc) {
 855                                 rc = errno;
 856                                 if (rc == EINTR && alarm_caught)
 857                                         break;
 858                                 if (rc == ENOENT && ignore)
 859                                         continue;
 860                                 fatal(myrank, "setxattr(%s) error: %s\n",
 861                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 862                         }
 863
 864                         nops++;
 865                         DISPLAY_PROGRESS();
 866                 }
 867                 break;
 868         }
 869
 870         rc = MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD);
 871         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS)
 872                fatal(myrank, "prep MPI_Barrier failed: %d\n", rc);
 873         curTime = MPI_Wtime();
 874         interval = curTime - startTime;
 875         rate = (double) (nops) / interval;
 876
 877         rc = MPI_Reduce(&nops, &ag_ops, 1, MPI_INT, MPI_SUM, 0,
 878                         MPI_COMM_WORLD);
 879         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS) {
 880                 fatal(myrank, "Failure in MPI_Reduce of total ops.\n");
 881         }
 882
 883         rc = MPI_Reduce(&interval, &ag_interval, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_SUM, 0,
 884                         MPI_COMM_WORLD);
 885         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS) {
 886                 fatal(myrank, "Failure in MPI_Reduce of total interval.\n");
 887         }
 888
 889         rc = MPI_Reduce(&rate, &ag_rate, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_SUM, 0,
 890                         MPI_COMM_WORLD);
 891         if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS) {
 892                 fatal(myrank, "Failure in MPI_Reduce of aggregated rate.\n");
 893         }
 894
 895         if (myrank == 0) {
 896                 curTime = MPI_Wtime();
 897                 interval = curTime - startTime;
 898                 effective_rate = (double) ag_ops / interval;
 899                 avg_rate = (double) ag_ops / ag_interval;
 900
 901                 printf("Rate: %.2f eff %.2f aggr %.2f avg client %ss/sec "
 902                        "(total: %d threads %d %ss %d dirs %d threads/dir %.2f secs)\n",
 903                        effective_rate, ag_rate, avg_rate, cmd, nthreads, ag_ops,
 904                        cmd, ndirs, dirthreads, interval);
 905                 if (mode == UNLINK && !recreate && !ignore && ag_ops != nfiles)
 906                         printf("Warning: only unlinked %d files instead of %d"
 907                                "\n", ag_ops, nfiles);
 908         }
 909
 910         if (recreate) {
 911                 for (begin = beginsave; begin <= end; begin += dirthreads) {
 912                         sprintf(filename, filefmt, begin);
 913                         if ((fd = open(filename, openflags, 0644)) < 0) {
 914                                 rc = errno;
 915                                 if (rc == EEXIST)
 916                                         break;
 917                                 fatal(myrank, "recreate open(%s) error: %s\n",
 918                                       filename, strerror(rc));
 919                         }
 920
 921                         close(fd);
 922                 }
 923         }
 924
 925         timestamp = time(0);
 926         if ((myrank == 0) || debug) {
 927                 printf("%d: %s finished at %s",
 928                        myrank, hostname, ctime(&timestamp));
 929         }
 930
 931         MPI_Finalize();
 932         return(0);
 933 }