LU-17478 clio: parallelize unaligned DIO write copy

[fs/lustre-release.git] / lustre / include / cl_object.h

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 *
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
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 * General Public License version 2 for more details (a copy is included
 * in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 along with this program; If not, see
 * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html
 *
 * GPL HEADER END
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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2008, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * Use is subject to license terms.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2011, 2017, Intel Corporation.
 */
/*
 * This file is part of Lustre, http://www.lustre.org/
 */
#ifndef _LUSTRE_CL_OBJECT_H
#define _LUSTRE_CL_OBJECT_H

/** \defgroup clio clio
 *
 * Client objects implement io operations and cache pages.
 *
 * Examples: lov and osc are implementations of cl interface.
 *
 * Big Theory Statement.
 *
 * Layered objects.
 *
 * Client implementation is based on the following data-types:
 *
 *   - cl_object
 *
 *   - cl_page
 *
 *   - cl_lock     represents an extent lock on an object.
 *
 *   - cl_io       represents high-level i/o activity such as whole read/write
 *                 system call, or write-out of pages from under the lock being
 *                 canceled. cl_io has sub-ios that can be stopped and resumed
 *                 independently, thus achieving high degree of transfer
 *                 parallelism. Single cl_io can be advanced forward by
 *                 the multiple threads (although in the most usual case of
 *                 read/write system call it is associated with the single user
 *                 thread, that issued the system call).
 *
 * Terminology
 *
 *     - to avoid confusion high-level I/O operation like read or write system
 *     call is referred to as "an io", whereas low-level I/O operation, like
 *     RPC, is referred to as "a transfer"
 *
 *     - "generic code" means generic (not file system specific) code in the
 *     hosting environment. "cl-code" means code (mostly in cl_*.c files) that
 *     is not layer specific.
 *
 * Locking.
 *
 *  - i_mutex
 *      - PG_locked
 *          - cl_object_header::coh_page_guard
 *          - lu_site::ls_guard
 *
 * See the top comment in cl_object.c for the description of overall locking and
 * reference-counting design.
 *
 * See comments below for the description of i/o, page, and dlm-locking
 * design.
 *
 */

/*
 * super-class definitions.
 */
#include <linux/aio.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>

#include <libcfs/libcfs.h>
#include <lu_object.h>
#include <linux/atomic.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/radix-tree.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/wait.h>
#include <linux/pagevec.h>
#include <libcfs/linux/linux-misc.h>
#include <lustre_dlm.h>
#include <lustre_compat.h>

struct obd_info;
struct inode;

struct cl_device;

struct cl_object;

struct cl_page;
struct cl_page_slice;
struct cl_lock;
struct cl_lock_slice;

struct cl_lock_operations;
struct cl_page_operations;

struct cl_io;
struct cl_io_slice;

struct cl_req_attr;

/**
 * Device in the client stack.
 *
 * \see vvp_device, lov_device, lovsub_device, osc_device
 */
struct cl_device {
        /** Super-class. */
        struct lu_device                   cd_lu_dev;
};

/* cl_object */
/**
 * "Data attributes" of cl_object. Data attributes can be updated
 * independently for a sub-object, and top-object's attributes are calculated
 * from sub-objects' ones.
 */
struct cl_attr {
        /** Object size, in bytes */
        loff_t cat_size;

        unsigned int cat_kms_valid:1;
        /**
         * Known minimal size, in bytes.
         *
         * This is only valid when at least one DLM lock is held.
         */
        loff_t cat_kms;
        /** Modification time. Measured in seconds since epoch. */
        time64_t cat_mtime;
        /** Access time. Measured in seconds since epoch. */
        time64_t cat_atime;
        /** Change time. Measured in seconds since epoch. */
        time64_t cat_ctime;
        /**
         * Blocks allocated to this cl_object on the server file system.
         *
         * \todo XXX An interface for block size is needed.
         */
        __u64  cat_blocks;
        /**
         * User identifier for quota purposes.
         */
        uid_t  cat_uid;
        /**
         * Group identifier for quota purposes.
         */
        gid_t  cat_gid;

        /* nlink of the directory */
        __u64  cat_nlink;

        /* Project identifier for quota purpose. */
        __u32  cat_projid;
};

/**
 * Fields in cl_attr that are being set.
 */
enum cl_attr_valid {
        CAT_SIZE        = BIT(0),
        CAT_KMS         = BIT(1),
        CAT_MTIME       = BIT(3),
        CAT_ATIME       = BIT(4),
        CAT_CTIME       = BIT(5),
        CAT_BLOCKS      = BIT(6),
        CAT_UID         = BIT(7),
        CAT_GID         = BIT(8),
        CAT_PROJID      = BIT(9),
};

/**
 * Sub-class of lu_object with methods common for objects on the client
 * stacks.
 *
 * cl_object: represents a regular file system object, both a file and a
 *    stripe. cl_object is based on lu_object: it is identified by a fid,
 *    layered, cached, hashed, and lrued. Important distinction with the server
 *    side, where md_object and dt_object are used, is that cl_object "fans out"
 *    at the lov/sns level: depending on the file layout, single file is
 *    represented as a set of "sub-objects" (stripes). At the implementation
 *    level, struct lov_object contains an array of cl_objects. Each sub-object
 *    is a full-fledged cl_object, having its fid, living in the lru and hash
 *    table.
 *
 *    This leads to the next important difference with the server side: on the
 *    client, it's quite usual to have objects with the different sequence of
 *    layers. For example, typical top-object is composed of the following
 *    layers:
 *
 *        - vvp
 *        - lov
 *
 *    whereas its sub-objects are composed of
 *
 *        - lovsub
 *        - osc
 *
 *    layers. Here "lovsub" is a mostly dummy layer, whose purpose is to keep
 *    track of the object-subobject relationship.
 *
 *    Sub-objects are not cached independently: when top-object is about to
 *    be discarded from the memory, all its sub-objects are torn-down and
 *    destroyed too.
 *
 * \see vvp_object, lov_object, lovsub_object, osc_object
 */
struct cl_object {
        /** super class */
        struct lu_object                   co_lu;
        /** per-object-layer operations */
        const struct cl_object_operations *co_ops;
        /** offset of page slice in cl_page buffer */
        int                                co_slice_off;
};

/**
 * Description of the client object configuration. This is used for the
 * creation of a new client object that is identified by a more state than
 * fid.
 */
struct cl_object_conf {
        /** Super-class. */
        struct lu_object_conf     coc_lu;
        union {
                /**
                 * Object layout. This is consumed by lov.
                 */
                struct lu_buf    coc_layout;
                /**
                 * Description of particular stripe location in the
                 * cluster. This is consumed by osc.
                 */
                struct lov_oinfo *coc_oinfo;
        } u;
        /**
         * VFS inode. This is consumed by vvp.
         */
        struct inode             *coc_inode;
        /**
         * Layout lock handle.
         */
        struct ldlm_lock         *coc_lock;
        bool                     coc_try;
        /**
         * Operation to handle layout, OBJECT_CONF_XYZ.
         */
        int                       coc_opc;
};

enum {
        /** configure layout, new stripe, must must be holding layout lock. */
        OBJECT_CONF_SET = 0,
        /** invalidate the current stripe config when losing layout lock. */
        OBJECT_CONF_INVALIDATE = 1,
        /** wait for old layout to go away so that new layout can be set up. */
        OBJECT_CONF_WAIT = 2
};

enum {
        CL_LAYOUT_GEN_NONE      = (u32)-2,      /* layout lock was cancelled */
        CL_LAYOUT_GEN_EMPTY     = (u32)-1,      /* for empty layout */
};

struct cl_layout {
        /** the buffer to return the layout in lov_mds_md format. */
        struct lu_buf   cl_buf;
        /** size of layout in lov_mds_md format. */
        size_t          cl_size;
        /** Layout generation. */
        u32             cl_layout_gen;
        /** whether layout is a composite one */
        bool            cl_is_composite;
        /** Whether layout is a HSM released one */
        bool            cl_is_released;
        /** Whether layout is a readonly one */
        bool            cl_is_rdonly;
};

enum coo_inode_opc {
        COIO_INODE_LOCK,
        COIO_INODE_UNLOCK,
        COIO_SIZE_LOCK,
        COIO_SIZE_UNLOCK,
};

/**
 * Operations implemented for each cl object layer.
 *
 * \see vvp_ops, lov_ops, lovsub_ops, osc_ops
 */
struct cl_object_operations {
        /**
         * Initialize page slice for this layer. Called top-to-bottom through
         * every object layer when a new cl_page is instantiated. Layer
         * keeping private per-page data, or requiring its own page operations
         * vector should allocate these data here, and attach then to the page
         * by calling cl_page_slice_add(). \a vmpage is locked (in the VM
         * sense). Optional.
         *
         * \retval NULL success.
         *
         * \retval ERR_PTR(errno) failure code.
         *
         * \retval valid-pointer pointer to already existing referenced page
         *         to be used instead of newly created.
         */
        int  (*coo_page_init)(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                              struct cl_page *page, pgoff_t index);
        /**
         * Initialize lock slice for this layer. Called top-to-bottom through
         * every object layer when a new cl_lock is instantiated. Layer
         * keeping private per-lock data, or requiring its own lock operations
         * vector should allocate these data here, and attach then to the lock
         * by calling cl_lock_slice_add(). Mandatory.
         */
        int  (*coo_lock_init)(const struct lu_env *env,
                              struct cl_object *obj, struct cl_lock *lock,
                              const struct cl_io *io);
        /**
         * Initialize io state for a given layer.
         *
         * called top-to-bottom once per io existence to initialize io
         * state. If layer wants to keep some state for this type of io, it
         * has to embed struct cl_io_slice in lu_env::le_ses, and register
         * slice with cl_io_slice_add(). It is guaranteed that all threads
         * participating in this io share the same session.
         */
        int  (*coo_io_init)(const struct lu_env *env,
                            struct cl_object *obj, struct cl_io *io);
        /**
         * Fill portion of \a attr that this layer controls. This method is
         * called top-to-bottom through all object layers.
         *
         * \pre cl_object_header::coh_attr_guard of the top-object is locked.
         *
         * \return   0: to continue
         * \return +ve: to stop iterating through layers (but 0 is returned
         *              from enclosing cl_object_attr_get())
         * \return -ve: to signal error
         */
        int (*coo_attr_get)(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                            struct cl_attr *attr);
        /**
         * Update attributes.
         *
         * \a valid is a bitmask composed from enum #cl_attr_valid, and
         * indicating what attributes are to be set.
         *
         * \pre cl_object_header::coh_attr_guard of the top-object is locked.
         *
         * \return the same convention as for
         * cl_object_operations::coo_attr_get() is used.
         */
        int (*coo_attr_update)(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                               const struct cl_attr *attr, unsigned int valid);
        /**
         * Mark the inode dirty. By this way, the inode will add into the
         * writeback list of the corresponding @bdi_writeback, and then it will
         * defer to write out the dirty pages to OSTs via the kernel writeback
         * mechanism.
         */
        void (*coo_dirty_for_sync)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                   struct cl_object *obj);
        /**
         * Update object configuration. Called top-to-bottom to modify object
         * configuration.
         *
         * XXX error conditions and handling.
         */
        int (*coo_conf_set)(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                            const struct cl_object_conf *conf);
        /**
         * Glimpse ast. Executed when glimpse ast arrives for a lock on this
         * object. Layers are supposed to fill parts of \a lvb that will be
         * shipped to the glimpse originator as a glimpse result.
         *
         * \see vvp_object_glimpse(), lovsub_object_glimpse(),
         * \see osc_object_glimpse()
         */
        int (*coo_glimpse)(const struct lu_env *env,
                           const struct cl_object *obj, struct ost_lvb *lvb);
        /**
         * Object prune method. Called when the layout is going to change on
         * this object, therefore each layer has to clean up their cache,
         * mainly pages and locks.
         */
        int (*coo_prune)(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj);
        /**
         * Object getstripe method.
         */
        int (*coo_getstripe)(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                             struct lov_user_md __user *lum, size_t size);
        /**
         * Get FIEMAP mapping from the object.
         */
        int (*coo_fiemap)(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                          struct ll_fiemap_info_key *fmkey,
                          struct fiemap *fiemap, size_t *buflen);
        /**
         * Get layout and generation of the object.
         */
        int (*coo_layout_get)(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                              struct cl_layout *layout);
        /**
         * Get maximum size of the object.
         */
        loff_t (*coo_maxbytes)(struct cl_object *obj);
        /**
         * Set request attributes.
         */
        void (*coo_req_attr_set)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                 struct cl_object *obj,
                                 struct cl_req_attr *attr);
        /**
         * Flush \a obj data corresponding to \a lock. Used for DoM
         * locks in llite's cancelling blocking ast callback.
         */
        int (*coo_object_flush)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                struct cl_object *obj,
                                struct ldlm_lock *lock);
        /**
         * operate upon inode. Used in LOV to lock/unlock inode from vvp layer.
         */
        int (*coo_inode_ops)(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                             enum coo_inode_opc opc, void *data);
};

/**
 * Extended header for client object.
 */
struct cl_object_header {
        /* Standard lu_object_header. cl_object::co_lu::lo_header points here.*/
        struct lu_object_header coh_lu;

        /**
         * Parent object. It is assumed that an object has a well-defined
         * parent, but not a well-defined child (there may be multiple
         * sub-objects, for the same top-object). cl_object_header::coh_parent
         * field allows certain code to be written generically, without
         * limiting possible cl_object layouts unduly.
         */
        struct cl_object_header *coh_parent;
        /**
         * Protects consistency between cl_attr of parent object and
         * attributes of sub-objects, that the former is calculated ("merged")
         * from.
         *
         * \todo XXX this can be read/write lock if needed.
         */
        spinlock_t               coh_attr_guard;
        /**
         * Size of cl_page + page slices
         */
        unsigned short           coh_page_bufsize;
        /**
         * Number of objects above this one: 0 for a top-object, 1 for its
         * sub-object, etc.
         */
        unsigned char            coh_nesting;
};

/**
 * Helper macro: iterate over all layers of the object \a obj, assigning every
 * layer top-to-bottom to \a slice.
 */
#define cl_object_for_each(slice, obj)                          \
        list_for_each_entry((slice),                            \
                            &(obj)->co_lu.lo_header->loh_layers,\
                            co_lu.lo_linkage)

/**
 * Helper macro: iterate over all layers of the object \a obj, assigning every
 * layer bottom-to-top to \a slice.
 */
#define cl_object_for_each_reverse(slice, obj)                          \
        list_for_each_entry_reverse((slice),                            \
                                    &(obj)->co_lu.lo_header->loh_layers,\
                                    co_lu.lo_linkage)

#define CL_PAGE_EOF ((pgoff_t)~0ull)

/** \struct cl_page
 * Layered client page.
 *
 * cl_page: represents a portion of a file, cached in the memory. All pages
 *    of the given file are of the same size, and are kept in the radix tree
 *    hanging off the cl_object. cl_page doesn't fan out, but as sub-objects
 *    of the top-level file object are first class cl_objects, they have their
 *    own radix trees of pages and hence page is implemented as a sequence of
 *    struct cl_pages's, linked into double-linked list through
 *    cl_page::cp_parent and cl_page::cp_child pointers, each residing in the
 *    corresponding radix tree at the corresponding logical offset.
 *
 * cl_page is associated with VM page of the hosting environment (struct
 *    page in Linux kernel, for example), struct page. It is assumed, that this
 *    association is implemented by one of cl_page layers (top layer in the
 *    current design) that
 *
 *        - intercepts per-VM-page call-backs made by the environment (e.g.,
 *          memory pressure),
 *
 *        - translates state (page flag bits) and locking between lustre and
 *          environment.
 *
 *    The association between cl_page and struct page is immutable and
 *    established when cl_page is created.
 *
 * cl_page can be "owned" by a particular cl_io (see below), guaranteeing
 *    this io an exclusive access to this page w.r.t. other io attempts and
 *    various events changing page state (such as transfer completion, or
 *    eviction of the page from the memory). Note, that in general cl_io
 *    cannot be identified with a particular thread, and page ownership is not
 *    exactly equal to the current thread holding a lock on the page. Layer
 *    implementing association between cl_page and struct page has to implement
 *    ownership on top of available synchronization mechanisms.
 *
 *    While lustre client maintains the notion of an page ownership by io,
 *    hosting MM/VM usually has its own page concurrency control
 *    mechanisms. For example, in Linux, page access is synchronized by the
 *    per-page PG_locked bit-lock, and generic kernel code (generic_file_*())
 *    takes care to acquire and release such locks as necessary around the
 *    calls to the file system methods (->readpage(), ->prepare_write(),
 *    ->commit_write(), etc.). This leads to the situation when there are two
 *    different ways to own a page in the client:
 *
 *        - client code explicitly and voluntary owns the page (cl_page_own());
 *
 *        - VM locks a page and then calls the client, that has "to assume"
 *          the ownership from the VM (cl_page_assume()).
 *
 *    Dual methods to release ownership are cl_page_disown() and
 *    cl_page_unassume().
 *
 * cl_page is reference counted (cl_page::cp_ref). When reference counter
 *    drops to 0, the page is returned to the cache, unless it is in
 *    cl_page_state::CPS_FREEING state, in which case it is immediately
 *    destroyed.
 *
 *    The general logic guaranteeing the absence of "existential races" for
 *    pages is the following:
 *
 *        - there are fixed known ways for a thread to obtain a new reference
 *          to a page:
 *
 *            - by doing a lookup in the cl_object radix tree, protected by the
 *              spin-lock;
 *
 *            - by starting from VM-locked struct page and following some
 *              hosting environment method (e.g., following ->private pointer in
 *              the case of Linux kernel), see cl_vmpage_page();
 *
 *        - when the page enters cl_page_state::CPS_FREEING state, all these
 *          ways are severed with the proper synchronization
 *          (cl_page_delete());
 *
 *        - entry into cl_page_state::CPS_FREEING is serialized by the VM page
 *          lock;
 *
 *        - no new references to the page in cl_page_state::CPS_FREEING state
 *          are allowed (checked in cl_page_get()).
 *
 *    Together this guarantees that when last reference to a
 *    cl_page_state::CPS_FREEING page is released, it is safe to destroy the
 *    page, as neither references to it can be acquired at that point, nor
 *    ones exist.
 *
 * cl_page is a state machine. States are enumerated in enum
 *    cl_page_state. Possible state transitions are enumerated in
 *    cl_page_state_set(). State transition process (i.e., actual changing of
 *    cl_page::cp_state field) is protected by the lock on the underlying VM
 *    page.
 *
 * Linux Kernel implementation.
 *
 *    Binding between cl_page and struct page (which is a typedef for
 *    struct page) is implemented in the vvp layer. cl_page is attached to the
 *    ->private pointer of the struct page, together with the setting of
 *    PG_private bit in page->flags, and acquiring additional reference on the
 *    struct page (much like struct buffer_head, or any similar file system
 *    private data structures).
 *
 *    PG_locked lock is used to implement both ownership and transfer
 *    synchronization, that is, page is VM-locked in CPS_{OWNED,PAGE{IN,OUT}}
 *    states. No additional references are acquired for the duration of the
 *    transfer.
 *
 * \warning *THIS IS NOT* the behavior expected by the Linux kernel, where
 *          write-out is "protected" by the special PG_writeback bit.
 */

/**
 * States of cl_page. cl_page.c assumes particular order here.
 *
 * The page state machine is rather crude, as it doesn't recognize finer page
 * states like "dirty" or "up to date". This is because such states are not
 * always well defined for the whole stack (see, for example, the
 * implementation of the read-ahead, that hides page up-to-dateness to track
 * cache hits accurately). Such sub-states are maintained by the layers that
 * are interested in them.
 */
enum cl_page_state {
        /**
         * Page is in the cache, un-owned. Page leaves cached state in the
         * following cases:
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_OWNED] io comes across the page and
         *     owns it;
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_PAGEOUT] page is dirty, the
         *     req-formation engine decides that it wants to include this page
         *     into an RPC being constructed, and yanks it from the cache;
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_FREEING] VM callback is executed to
         *     evict the page form the memory;
         *
         * \invariant cl_page::cp_owner == NULL && cl_page::cp_req == NULL
         */
        CPS_CACHED = 1,
        /**
         * Page is exclusively owned by some cl_io. Page may end up in this
         * state as a result of
         *
         *     - io creating new page and immediately owning it;
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_CACHED] io finding existing cached page
         *     and owning it;
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_OWNED] io finding existing owned page
         *     and waiting for owner to release the page;
         *
         * Page leaves owned state in the following cases:
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_CACHED] io decides to leave the page in
         *     the cache, doing nothing;
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_PAGEIN] io starts read transfer for
         *     this page;
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_PAGEOUT] io starts immediate write
         *     transfer for this page;
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_FREEING] io decides to destroy this
         *     page (e.g., as part of truncate or extent lock cancellation).
         *
         * \invariant cl_page::cp_owner != NULL && cl_page::cp_req == NULL
         */
        CPS_OWNED,
        /**
         * Page is being written out, as a part of a transfer. This state is
         * entered when req-formation logic decided that it wants this page to
         * be sent through the wire _now_. Specifically, it means that once
         * this state is achieved, transfer completion handler (with either
         * success or failure indication) is guaranteed to be executed against
         * this page independently of any locks and any scheduling decisions
         * made by the hosting environment (that effectively means that the
         * page is never put into cl_page_state::CPS_PAGEOUT state "in
         * advance". This property is mentioned, because it is important when
         * reasoning about possible dead-locks in the system). The page can
         * enter this state as a result of
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_OWNED] an io requesting an immediate
         *     write-out of this page, or
         *
         *     - [cl_page_state::CPS_CACHED] req-forming engine deciding
         *     that it has enough dirty pages cached to issue a "good"
         *     transfer.
         *
         * The page leaves cl_page_state::CPS_PAGEOUT state when the transfer
         * is completed---it is moved into cl_page_state::CPS_CACHED state.
         *
         * Underlying VM page is locked for the duration of transfer.
         *
         * \invariant: cl_page::cp_owner == NULL && cl_page::cp_req != NULL
         */
        CPS_PAGEOUT,
        /**
         * Page is being read in, as a part of a transfer. This is quite
         * similar to the cl_page_state::CPS_PAGEOUT state, except that
         * read-in is always "immediate"---there is no such thing a sudden
         * construction of read request from cached, presumably not up to date,
         * pages.
         *
         * Underlying VM page is locked for the duration of transfer.
         *
         * \invariant: cl_page::cp_owner == NULL && cl_page::cp_req != NULL
         */
        CPS_PAGEIN,
        /**
         * Page is being destroyed. This state is entered when client decides
         * that page has to be deleted from its host object, as, e.g., a part
         * of truncate.
         *
         * Once this state is reached, there is no way to escape it.
         *
         * \invariant: cl_page::cp_owner == NULL && cl_page::cp_req == NULL
         */
        CPS_FREEING,
        CPS_NR
};

enum cl_page_type {
        /** Host page, the page is from the host inode which the cl_page
         * belongs to.
         */
        CPT_CACHEABLE = 1,

        /** Transient page, the transient cl_page is used to bind a cl_page
         *  to vmpage which is not belonging to the same object of cl_page.
         *  it is used in DirectIO and lockless IO.
         */
        CPT_TRANSIENT,
        CPT_NR
};

#define CP_STATE_BITS   4
#define CP_TYPE_BITS    2
#define CP_MAX_LAYER    2

/**
 * Fields are protected by the lock on struct page, except for atomics and
 * immutables.
 *
 * \invariant Data type invariants are in cl_page_invariant(). Basically:
 * cl_page::cp_parent and cl_page::cp_child are a well-formed double-linked
 * list, consistent with the parent/child pointers in the cl_page::cp_obj and
 * cl_page::cp_owner (when set).
 */
struct cl_page {
        /** Reference counter. */
        refcount_t              cp_ref;
        /** layout_entry + stripe index, composed using lov_comp_index() */
        unsigned int            cp_lov_index;
        /** page->index of the page within the whole file */
        pgoff_t                 cp_page_index;
        /** An object this page is a part of. Immutable after creation. */
        struct cl_object        *cp_obj;
        /** vmpage */
        struct page             *cp_vmpage;
        /**
         * Assigned if doing direct IO, because in this case cp_vmpage is not
         * a valid page cache page, hence the inode cannot be inferred from
         * cp_vmpage->mapping->host.
         */
        struct inode            *cp_inode;
        /** Linkage of pages within group. Pages must be owned */
        struct list_head        cp_batch;
        /** array of slices offset. Immutable after creation. */
        unsigned char           cp_layer_offset[CP_MAX_LAYER];
        /** current slice index */
        unsigned char           cp_layer_count:2;
        /**
         * Page state. This field is const to avoid accidental update, it is
         * modified only internally within cl_page.c. Protected by a VM lock.
         */
        enum cl_page_state       cp_state:CP_STATE_BITS;
        /**
         * Page type. Only CPT_TRANSIENT is used so far. Immutable after
         * creation.
         */
        enum cl_page_type       cp_type:CP_TYPE_BITS;
        unsigned                cp_defer_uptodate:1,
                                cp_ra_updated:1,
                                cp_ra_used:1;
        /* which slab kmem index this memory allocated from */
        short int               cp_kmem_index;

        /**
         * Owning IO in cl_page_state::CPS_OWNED state. Sub-page can be owned
         * by sub-io. Protected by a VM lock.
         */
        struct cl_io            *cp_owner;
        /** Assigned if doing a sync_io */
        struct cl_sync_io       *cp_sync_io;
};

/**
 * Per-layer part of cl_page.
 *
 * \see vvp_page, lov_page, osc_page
 */
struct cl_page_slice {
        struct cl_page                  *cpl_page;
        const struct cl_page_operations *cpl_ops;
};

/**
 * Lock mode. For the client extent locks.
 *
 * \ingroup cl_lock
 */
enum cl_lock_mode {
        CLM_READ,
        CLM_WRITE,
        CLM_GROUP,
        CLM_MAX,
};

/**
 * Requested transfer type.
 */
enum cl_req_type {
        CRT_READ,
        CRT_WRITE,
        CRT_NR
};

/**
 * Per-layer page operations.
 *
 * Methods taking an \a io argument are for the activity happening in the
 * context of given \a io. Page is assumed to be owned by that io, except for
 * the obvious cases.
 *
 * \see vvp_page_ops, lov_page_ops, osc_page_ops
 */
struct cl_page_operations {
        /**
         * cl_page<->struct page methods. Only one layer in the stack has to
         * implement these. Current code assumes that this functionality is
         * provided by the topmost layer, see __cl_page_disown() as an example.
         */

        /**
         * Update file attributes when all we have is this page.  Used for tiny
         * writes to update attributes when we don't have a full cl_io.
         */
        void (*cpo_page_touch)(const struct lu_env *env,
                               const struct cl_page_slice *slice, size_t to);
        /**
         * Page destruction.
         */

        /**
         * Called when page is truncated from the object. Optional.
         *
         * \see cl_page_discard()
         * \see vvp_page_discard(), osc_page_discard()
         */
        void (*cpo_discard)(const struct lu_env *env,
                            const struct cl_page_slice *slice,
                            struct cl_io *io);
        /**
         * Called when page is removed from the cache, and is about to being
         * destroyed. Optional.
         *
         * \see cl_page_delete()
         * \see vvp_page_delete(), osc_page_delete()
         */
        void (*cpo_delete)(const struct lu_env *env,
                           const struct cl_page_slice *slice);
        /**
         * Optional debugging helper. Prints given page slice.
         *
         * \see cl_page_print()
         */
        int (*cpo_print)(const struct lu_env *env,
                         const struct cl_page_slice *slice,
                         void *cookie, lu_printer_t p);
        /**
         * \name transfer
         *
         * Transfer methods.
         *
         */
        /**
         * Request type dependent vector of operations.
         *
         * Transfer operations depend on transfer mode (cl_req_type). To avoid
         * passing transfer mode to each and every of these methods, and to
         * avoid branching on request type inside of the methods, separate
         * methods for cl_req_type:CRT_READ and cl_req_type:CRT_WRITE are
         * provided. That is, method invocation usually looks like
         *
         *         slice->cp_ops.io[req->crq_type].cpo_method(env, slice, ...);
         */
        struct {
                /**
                 * Completion handler. This is guaranteed to be eventually
                 * fired after cl_page_prep() or cl_page_make_ready() call.
                 *
                 * This method can be called in a non-blocking context. It is
                 * guaranteed however, that the page involved and its object
                 * are pinned in memory (and, hence, calling cl_page_put() is
                 * safe).
                 *
                 * \see cl_page_completion()
                 */
                void (*cpo_completion)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                       const struct cl_page_slice *slice,
                                       int ioret);
        } io[CRT_NR];
        /**
         * Tell transfer engine that only [to, from] part of a page should be
         * transmitted.
         *
         * This is used for immediate transfers.
         *
         * \todo XXX this is not very good interface. It would be much better
         * if all transfer parameters were supplied as arguments to
         * cl_io_operations::cio_submit() call, but it is not clear how to do
         * this for page queues.
         *
         * \see cl_page_clip()
         */
        void (*cpo_clip)(const struct lu_env *env,
                         const struct cl_page_slice *slice, int from, int to);
        /**
         * Write out a page by kernel. This is only called by ll_writepage
         * right now.
         *
         * \see cl_page_flush()
         */
        int (*cpo_flush)(const struct lu_env *env,
                         const struct cl_page_slice *slice,
                         struct cl_io *io);
};

/**
 * Helper macro, dumping detailed information about \a page into a log.
 */
#define CL_PAGE_DEBUG(mask, env, page, format, ...)                     \
do {                                                                    \
        if (cfs_cdebug_show(mask, DEBUG_SUBSYSTEM)) {                   \
                LIBCFS_DEBUG_MSG_DATA_DECL(msgdata, mask, NULL);        \
                cl_page_print(env, &msgdata, lu_cdebug_printer, page);  \
                CDEBUG(mask, format, ## __VA_ARGS__);                   \
        }                                                               \
} while (0)

/**
 * Helper macro, dumping shorter information about \a page into a log.
 */
#define CL_PAGE_HEADER(mask, env, page, format, ...)                          \
do {                                                                          \
        if (cfs_cdebug_show(mask, DEBUG_SUBSYSTEM)) {                         \
                LIBCFS_DEBUG_MSG_DATA_DECL(msgdata, mask, NULL);              \
                cl_page_header_print(env, &msgdata, lu_cdebug_printer, page); \
                CDEBUG(mask, format, ## __VA_ARGS__);                         \
        }                                                                     \
} while (0)

static inline struct page *cl_page_vmpage(const struct cl_page *page)
{
        LASSERT(page->cp_vmpage != NULL);
        return page->cp_vmpage;
}

static inline pgoff_t cl_page_index(const struct cl_page *cp)
{
        return cl_page_vmpage(cp)->index;
}

/**
 * Check if a cl_page is in use.
 *
 * Client cache holds a refcount, this refcount will be dropped when
 * the page is taken out of cache, see vvp_page_delete().
 */
static inline bool __page_in_use(const struct cl_page *page, int refc)
{
        return (refcount_read(&page->cp_ref) > refc + 1);
}

/**
 * Caller itself holds a refcount of cl_page.
 */
#define cl_page_in_use(pg)       __page_in_use(pg, 1)
/**
 * Caller doesn't hold a refcount.
 */
#define cl_page_in_use_noref(pg) __page_in_use(pg, 0)

/** \struct cl_lock
 *
 * Extent locking on the client.
 *
 * LAYERING
 *
 * The locking model of the new client code is built around
 *
 *        struct cl_lock
 *
 * data-type representing an extent lock on a regular file. cl_lock is a
 * layered object (much like cl_object and cl_page), it consists of a header
 * (struct cl_lock) and a list of layers (struct cl_lock_slice), linked to
 * cl_lock::cll_layers list through cl_lock_slice::cls_linkage.
 *
 * Typical cl_lock consists of one layer:
 *
 *     - lov_lock (lov specific data).
 *
 * lov_lock contains an array of sub-locks. Each of these sub-locks is a
 * normal cl_lock: it has a header (struct cl_lock) and a list of layers:
 *
 *     - osc_lock
 *
 * Each sub-lock is associated with a cl_object (representing stripe
 * sub-object or the file to which top-level cl_lock is associated to), and is
 * linked into that cl_object::coh_locks. In this respect cl_lock is similar to
 * cl_object (that at lov layer also fans out into multiple sub-objects), and
 * is different from cl_page, that doesn't fan out (there is usually exactly
 * one osc_page for every vvp_page). We shall call vvp-lov portion of the lock
 * a "top-lock" and its lovsub-osc portion a "sub-lock".
 *
 * LIFE CYCLE
 *
 * cl_lock is a cacheless data container for the requirements of locks to
 * complete the IO. cl_lock is created before I/O starts and destroyed when the
 * I/O is complete.
 *
 * cl_lock depends on LDLM lock to fulfill lock semantics. LDLM lock is attached
 * to cl_lock at OSC layer. LDLM lock is still cacheable.
 *
 * INTERFACE AND USAGE
 *
 * Two major methods are supported for cl_lock: clo_enqueue and clo_cancel.  A
 * cl_lock is enqueued by cl_lock_request(), which will call clo_enqueue()
 * methods for each layer to enqueue the lock. At the LOV layer, if a cl_lock
 * consists of multiple sub cl_locks, each sub locks will be enqueued
 * correspondingly. At OSC layer, the lock enqueue request will tend to reuse
 * cached LDLM lock; otherwise a new LDLM lock will have to be requested from
 * OST side.
 *
 * cl_lock_cancel() must be called to release a cl_lock after use. clo_cancel()
 * method will be called for each layer to release the resource held by this
 * lock. At OSC layer, the reference count of LDLM lock, which is held at
 * clo_enqueue time, is released.
 *
 * LDLM lock can only be canceled if there is no cl_lock using it.
 *
 * Overall process of the locking during IO operation is as following:
 *
 *     - once parameters for IO are setup in cl_io, cl_io_operations::cio_lock()
 *       is called on each layer. Responsibility of this method is to add locks,
 *       needed by a given layer into cl_io.ci_lockset.
 *
 *     - once locks for all layers were collected, they are sorted to avoid
 *       dead-locks (cl_io_locks_sort()), and enqueued.
 *
 *     - when all locks are acquired, IO is performed;
 *
 *     - locks are released after IO is complete.
 *
 * Striping introduces major additional complexity into locking. The
 * fundamental problem is that it is generally unsafe to actively use (hold)
 * two locks on the different OST servers at the same time, as this introduces
 * inter-server dependency and can lead to cascading evictions.
 *
 * Basic solution is to sub-divide large read/write IOs into smaller pieces so
 * that no multi-stripe locks are taken (note that this design abandons POSIX
 * read/write semantics). Such pieces ideally can be executed concurrently. At
 * the same time, certain types of IO cannot be sub-divived, without
 * sacrificing correctness. This includes:
 *
 *  - O_APPEND write, where [0, EOF] lock has to be taken, to guarantee
 *  atomicity;
 *
 *  - ftruncate(fd, offset), where [offset, EOF] lock has to be taken.
 *
 * Also, in the case of read(fd, buf, count) or write(fd, buf, count), where
 * buf is a part of memory mapped Lustre file, a lock or locks protecting buf
 * has to be held together with the usual lock on [offset, offset + count].
 *
 * Interaction with DLM
 *
 * In the expected setup, cl_lock is ultimately backed up by a collection of
 * DLM locks (struct ldlm_lock). Association between cl_lock and DLM lock is
 * implemented in osc layer, that also matches DLM events (ASTs, cancellation,
 * etc.) into cl_lock_operation calls. See struct osc_lock for a more detailed
 * description of interaction with DLM.
 */

/**
 * Lock description.
 */
struct cl_lock_descr {
        /** Object this lock is granted for. */
        struct cl_object *cld_obj;
        /** Index of the first page protected by this lock. */
        pgoff_t           cld_start;
        /** Index of the last page (inclusive) protected by this lock. */
        pgoff_t           cld_end;
        /** Group ID, for group lock */
        __u64             cld_gid;
        /** Lock mode. */
        enum cl_lock_mode cld_mode;
        /**
         * flags to enqueue lock. A combination of bit-flags from
         * enum cl_enq_flags.
         */
        __u32             cld_enq_flags;
};

#define DDESCR "%s(%d):[%lu, %lu]:%x"
#define PDESCR(descr)                                                   \
        cl_lock_mode_name((descr)->cld_mode), (descr)->cld_mode,        \
        (descr)->cld_start, (descr)->cld_end, (descr)->cld_enq_flags

const char *cl_lock_mode_name(const enum cl_lock_mode mode);

/**
 * Layered client lock.
 */
struct cl_lock {
        /** List of slices. Immutable after creation. */
        struct list_head      cll_layers;
        /** lock attribute, extent, cl_object, etc. */
        struct cl_lock_descr  cll_descr;
};

/**
 * Per-layer part of cl_lock
 *
 * \see lov_lock, osc_lock
 */
struct cl_lock_slice {
        struct cl_lock                  *cls_lock;
        /** Object slice corresponding to this lock slice. Immutable after
         * creation.
         */
        struct cl_object                *cls_obj;
        const struct cl_lock_operations *cls_ops;
        /** Linkage into cl_lock::cll_layers. Immutable after creation. */
        struct list_head                 cls_linkage;
};

/**
 *
 * \see lov_lock_ops, osc_lock_ops
 */
struct cl_lock_operations {
        /**
         * Attempts to enqueue the lock. Called top-to-bottom.
         *
         * \retval 0    this layer has enqueued the lock successfully
         * \retval >0   this layer has enqueued the lock, but need to wait on
         *              @anchor for resources
         * \retval -ve  failure
         *
         * \see lov_lock_enqueue(), osc_lock_enqueue()
         */
        int  (*clo_enqueue)(const struct lu_env *env,
                            const struct cl_lock_slice *slice,
                            struct cl_io *io, struct cl_sync_io *anchor);
        /**
         * Cancel a lock, release its DLM lock ref, while does not cancel the
         * DLM lock
         */
        void (*clo_cancel)(const struct lu_env *env,
                           const struct cl_lock_slice *slice);
        /**
         * Destructor. Frees resources and the slice.
         *
         * \see lov_lock_fini(), osc_lock_fini()
         */
        void (*clo_fini)(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_lock_slice *slice);
        /**
         * Optional debugging helper. Prints given lock slice.
         */
        int (*clo_print)(const struct lu_env *env, void *cookie,
                         lu_printer_t p, const struct cl_lock_slice *slice);
};

#define CL_LOCK_DEBUG(mask, env, lock, format, ...)                     \
do {                                                                    \
        if (cfs_cdebug_show(mask, DEBUG_SUBSYSTEM)) {                   \
                LIBCFS_DEBUG_MSG_DATA_DECL(msgdata, mask, NULL);        \
                cl_lock_print(env, &msgdata, lu_cdebug_printer, lock);  \
                CDEBUG(mask, format, ## __VA_ARGS__);                   \
        }                                                               \
} while (0)

#define CL_LOCK_ASSERT(expr, env, lock) do {                            \
        if (likely(expr))                                               \
                break;                                                  \
                                                                        \
        CL_LOCK_DEBUG(D_ERROR, env, lock, "failed at %s.\n", #expr);    \
        LBUG();                                                         \
} while (0)


/** \addtogroup cl_page_list cl_page_list
 * Page list used to perform collective operations on a group of pages.
 *
 * Pages are added to the list one by one. cl_page_list acquires a reference
 * for every page in it. Page list is used to perform collective operations on
 * pages:
 *
 *     - submit pages for an immediate transfer,
 *
 *     - own pages on behalf of certain io (waiting for each page in turn),
 *
 *     - discard pages.
 *
 * When list is finalized, it releases references on all pages it still has.
 *
 * \todo XXX concurrency control.
 *
 */
struct cl_page_list {
        unsigned int             pl_nr;
        struct list_head         pl_pages;
};

/**
 * A 2-queue of pages. A convenience data-type for common use case, 2-queue
 * contains an incoming page list and an outgoing page list.
 */
struct cl_2queue {
        struct cl_page_list c2_qin;
        struct cl_page_list c2_qout;
};

/** \struct cl_io
 * I/O
 *
 * cl_io represents a high level I/O activity like
 * read(2)/write(2)/truncate(2) system call, or cancellation of an extent
 * lock.
 *
 * cl_io is a layered object, much like cl_{object,page,lock} but with one
 * important distinction. We want to minimize number of calls to the allocator
 * in the fast path, e.g., in the case of read(2) when everything is cached:
 * client already owns the lock over region being read, and data are cached
 * due to read-ahead. To avoid allocation of cl_io layers in such situations,
 * per-layer io state is stored in the session, associated with the io, see
 * struct {vvp,lov,osc}_io for example. Sessions allocation is amortized
 * by using free-lists, see cl_env_get().
 *
 * There is a small predefined number of possible io types, enumerated in enum
 * cl_io_type.
 *
 * cl_io is a state machine, that can be advanced concurrently by the multiple
 * threads. It is up to these threads to control the concurrency and,
 * specifically, to detect when io is done, and its state can be safely
 * released.
 *
 * For read/write io overall execution plan is as following:
 *
 *     (0) initialize io state through all layers;
 *
 *     (1) loop: prepare chunk of work to do
 *
 *     (2) call all layers to collect locks they need to process current chunk
 *
 *     (3) sort all locks to avoid dead-locks, and acquire them
 *
 *     (4) process the chunk: call per-page methods
 *         cl_io_operations::cio_prepare_write(),
 *         cl_io_operations::cio_commit_write() for write)
 *
 *     (5) release locks
 *
 *     (6) repeat loop.
 *
 * To implement the "parallel IO mode", lov layer creates sub-io's (lazily to
 * address allocation efficiency issues mentioned above), and returns with the
 * special error condition from per-page method when current sub-io has to
 * block. This causes io loop to be repeated, and lov switches to the next
 * sub-io in its cl_io_operations::cio_iter_init() implementation.
 */

/** IO types */
enum cl_io_type {
        /** read system call */
        CIT_READ = 1,
        /** write system call */
        CIT_WRITE,
        /** truncate, utime system calls */
        CIT_SETATTR,
        /** get data version */
        CIT_DATA_VERSION,
        /**
         * page fault handling
         */
        CIT_FAULT,
        /**
         * fsync system call handling
         * To write out a range of file
         */
        CIT_FSYNC,
        /**
         * glimpse. An io context to acquire glimpse lock.
         */
        CIT_GLIMPSE,
        /**
         * Miscellaneous io. This is used for occasional io activity that
         * doesn't fit into other types. Currently this is used for:
         *
         *     - cancellation of an extent lock. This io exists as a context
         *     to write dirty pages from under the lock being canceled back
         *     to the server;
         *
         *     - VM induced page write-out. An io context for writing page out
         *     for memory cleansing;
         *
         *     - grouplock. An io context to acquire group lock.
         *
         * CIT_MISC io is used simply as a context in which locks and pages
         * are manipulated. Such io has no internal "process", that is,
         * cl_io_loop() is never called for it.
         */
        CIT_MISC,
        /**
         * ladvise handling
         * To give advice about access of a file
         */
        CIT_LADVISE,
        /**
         * SEEK_HOLE/SEEK_DATA handling to search holes or data
         * across all file objects
         */
        CIT_LSEEK,
        CIT_OP_NR
};

/**
 * States of cl_io state machine
 */
enum cl_io_state {
        /** Not initialized. */
        CIS_ZERO,
        /** Initialized. */
        CIS_INIT,
        /** IO iteration started. */
        CIS_IT_STARTED,
        /** Locks taken. */
        CIS_LOCKED,
        /** Actual IO is in progress. */
        CIS_IO_GOING,
        /** IO for the current iteration finished. */
        CIS_IO_FINISHED,
        /** Locks released. */
        CIS_UNLOCKED,
        /** Iteration completed. */
        CIS_IT_ENDED,
        /** cl_io finalized. */
        CIS_FINI
};

/**
 * IO state private for a layer.
 *
 * This is usually embedded into layer session data, rather than allocated
 * dynamically.
 *
 * \see vvp_io, lov_io, osc_io
 */
struct cl_io_slice {
        struct cl_io                    *cis_io;
        /** corresponding object slice. Immutable after creation. */
        struct cl_object                *cis_obj;
        /** io operations. Immutable after creation. */
        const struct cl_io_operations   *cis_iop;
        /**
         * linkage into a list of all slices for a given cl_io, hanging off
         * cl_io::ci_layers. Immutable after creation.
         */
        struct list_head                cis_linkage;
};

typedef void (*cl_commit_cbt)(const struct lu_env *, struct cl_io *,
                              struct folio_batch *);

struct cl_read_ahead {
        /* Maximum page index the readahead window will end.
         * This is determined DLM lock coverage, RPC and stripe boundary.
         * cra_end is included.
         */
        pgoff_t         cra_end_idx;
        /* optimal RPC size for this read, by pages */
        unsigned long   cra_rpc_pages;
        /* Release callback. If readahead holds resources underneath, this
         * function should be called to release it.
         */
        void            (*cra_release)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                       struct cl_read_ahead *ra);

        /* Callback data for cra_release routine */
        void            *cra_dlmlock;
        void            *cra_oio;

        /* whether lock is in contention */
        bool            cra_contention;
};

static inline void cl_read_ahead_release(const struct lu_env *env,
                                         struct cl_read_ahead *ra)
{
        if (ra->cra_release != NULL)
                ra->cra_release(env, ra);
        memset(ra, 0, sizeof(*ra));
}


/**
 * Per-layer io operations.
 * \see vvp_io_ops, lov_io_ops, lovsub_io_ops, osc_io_ops
 */
struct cl_io_operations {
        /**
         * Vector of io state transition methods for every io type.
         *
         * \see cl_page_operations::io
         */
        struct {
                /**
                 * Prepare io iteration at a given layer.
                 *
                 * Called top-to-bottom at the beginning of each iteration of
                 * "io loop" (if it makes sense for this type of io). Here
                 * layer selects what work it will do during this iteration.
                 *
                 * \see cl_io_operations::cio_iter_fini()
                 */
                int (*cio_iter_init)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                     const struct cl_io_slice *slice);
                /**
                 * Finalize io iteration.
                 *
                 * Called bottom-to-top at the end of each iteration of "io
                 * loop". Here layers can decide whether IO has to be
                 * continued.
                 *
                 * \see cl_io_operations::cio_iter_init()
                 */
                void (*cio_iter_fini)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                      const struct cl_io_slice *slice);
                /**
                 * Collect locks for the current iteration of io.
                 *
                 * Called top-to-bottom to collect all locks necessary for
                 * this iteration. This methods shouldn't actually enqueue
                 * anything, instead it should post a lock through
                 * cl_io_lock_add(). Once all locks are collected, they are
                 * sorted and enqueued in the proper order.
                 */
                int  (*cio_lock)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                 const struct cl_io_slice *slice);
                /**
                 * Finalize unlocking.
                 *
                 * Called bottom-to-top to finish layer specific unlocking
                 * functionality, after generic code released all locks
                 * acquired by cl_io_operations::cio_lock().
                 */
                void  (*cio_unlock)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                    const struct cl_io_slice *slice);
                /**
                 * Start io iteration.
                 *
                 * Once all locks are acquired, called top-to-bottom to
                 * commence actual IO. In the current implementation,
                 * top-level vvp_io_{read,write}_start() does all the work
                 * synchronously by calling generic_file_*(), so other layers
                 * are called when everything is done.
                 */
                int  (*cio_start)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                  const struct cl_io_slice *slice);
                /**
                 * Called top-to-bottom at the end of io loop. Here layer
                 * might wait for an unfinished asynchronous io.
                 */
                void (*cio_end)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                const struct cl_io_slice *slice);
                /**
                 * Called bottom-to-top to notify layers that read/write IO
                 * iteration finished, with \a nob bytes transferred.
                 */
                void (*cio_advance)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                    const struct cl_io_slice *slice,
                                    size_t nob);
                /**
                 * Called once per io, bottom-to-top to release io resources.
                 */
                void (*cio_fini)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                  const struct cl_io_slice *slice);
        } op[CIT_OP_NR];

        /**
         * Submit pages from \a queue->c2_qin for IO, and move
         * successfully submitted pages into \a queue->c2_qout. Return
         * non-zero if failed to submit even the single page. If
         * submission failed after some pages were moved into \a
         * queue->c2_qout, completion callback with non-zero ioret is
         * executed on them.
         */
        int  (*cio_submit)(const struct lu_env *env,
                           struct cl_io *io,
                           const struct cl_io_slice *slice,
                           enum cl_req_type crt, struct cl_2queue *queue);
        /**
         * Queue async page for write.
         * The difference between cio_submit and cio_queue is that
         * cio_submit is for urgent request.
         */
        int  (*cio_commit_async)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                 const struct cl_io_slice *slice,
                                 struct cl_page_list *queue, int from, int to,
                                 cl_commit_cbt cb);
        /**
         * Release active extent.
         */
        void  (*cio_extent_release)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                    const struct cl_io_slice *slice);
        /**
         * Decide maximum read ahead extent
         *
         * \pre io->ci_type == CIT_READ
         */
        int (*cio_read_ahead)(const struct lu_env *env,
                              const struct cl_io_slice *slice,
                              pgoff_t start, struct cl_read_ahead *ra);
        /**
         *
         * Reserve LRU slots before IO.
         */
        int (*cio_lru_reserve)(const struct lu_env *env,
                               const struct cl_io_slice *slice,
                               loff_t pos, size_t bytes);
        /**
         * Optional debugging helper. Print given io slice.
         */
        int (*cio_print)(const struct lu_env *env, void *cookie,
                         lu_printer_t p, const struct cl_io_slice *slice);
};

/**
 * Flags to lock enqueue procedure.
 * \ingroup cl_lock
 */
enum cl_enq_flags {
        /**
         * instruct server to not block, if conflicting lock is found. Instead
         * -EAGAIN is returned immediately.
         */
        CEF_NONBLOCK     = 0x00000001,
        /**
         * Tell lower layers this is a glimpse request, translated to
         * LDLM_FL_HAS_INTENT at LDLM layer.
         *
         * Also, because glimpse locks never block other locks, we count this
         * as automatically compatible with other osc locks.
         * (see osc_lock_compatible)
         */
        CEF_GLIMPSE        = 0x00000002,
        /**
         * tell the server to instruct (though a flag in the blocking ast) an
         * owner of the conflicting lock, that it can drop dirty pages
         * protected by this lock, without sending them to the server.
         */
        CEF_DISCARD_DATA = 0x00000004,
        /**
         * tell the sub layers that it must be a `real' lock. This is used for
         * mmapped-buffer locks, glimpse locks, manually requested locks
         * (LU_LADVISE_LOCKAHEAD) that must never be converted into lockless
         * mode.
         *
         * \see vvp_mmap_locks(), cl_glimpse_lock, cl_request_lock().
         */
        CEF_MUST         = 0x00000008,
        /**
         * tell the sub layers that never request a `real' lock. This flag is
         * not used currently.
         *
         * cl_io::ci_lockreq and CEF_{MUST,NEVER} flags specify lockless
         * conversion policy: ci_lockreq describes generic information of lock
         * requirement for this IO, especially for locks which belong to the
         * object doing IO; however, lock itself may have precise requirements
         * that are described by the enqueue flags.
         */
        CEF_NEVER        = 0x00000010,
        /**
         * tell the dlm layer this is a speculative lock request
         * speculative lock requests are locks which are not requested as part
         * of an I/O operation.  Instead, they are requested because we expect
         * to use them in the future.  They are requested asynchronously at the
         * ptlrpc layer.
         *
         * Currently used for asynchronous glimpse locks and manually requested
         * locks (LU_LADVISE_LOCKAHEAD).
         */
        CEF_SPECULATIVE          = 0x00000020,
        /**
         * enqueue a lock to test DLM lock existence.
         */
        CEF_PEEK        = 0x00000040,
        /**
         * Lock match only. Used by group lock in I/O as group lock
         * is known to exist.
         */
        CEF_LOCK_MATCH  = 0x00000080,
        /**
         * tell the DLM layer to lock only the requested range
         */
        CEF_LOCK_NO_EXPAND    = 0x00000100,
        /**
         * mask of enq_flags.
         */
        CEF_MASK         = 0x000001ff,
};

/**
 * Link between lock and io. Intermediate structure is needed, because the
 * same lock can be part of multiple io's simultaneously.
 */
struct cl_io_lock_link {
        /** linkage into one of cl_lockset lists. */
        struct list_head        cill_linkage;
        struct cl_lock          cill_lock;
        /** optional destructor */
        void                    (*cill_fini)(const struct lu_env *env,
                                             struct cl_io_lock_link *link);
};
#define cill_descr      cill_lock.cll_descr

/**
 * Lock-set represents a collection of locks, that io needs at a
 * time. Generally speaking, client tries to avoid holding multiple locks when
 * possible, because
 *
 *      - holding extent locks over multiple ost's introduces the danger of
 *        "cascading timeouts";
 *
 *      - holding multiple locks over the same ost is still dead-lock prone,
 *        see comment in osc_lock_enqueue(),
 *
 * but there are certain situations where this is unavoidable:
 *
 *      - O_APPEND writes have to take [0, EOF] lock for correctness;
 *
 *      - truncate has to take [new-size, EOF] lock for correctness;
 *
 *      - SNS has to take locks across full stripe for correctness;
 *
 *      - in the case when user level buffer, supplied to {read,write}(file0),
 *        is a part of a memory mapped lustre file, client has to take a dlm
 *        locks on file0, and all files that back up the buffer (or a part of
 *        the buffer, that is being processed in the current chunk, in any
 *        case, there are situations where at least 2 locks are necessary).
 *
 * In such cases we at least try to take locks in the same consistent
 * order. To this end, all locks are first collected, then sorted, and then
 * enqueued.
 */
struct cl_lockset {
        /** locks to be acquired. */
        struct list_head  cls_todo;
        /** locks acquired. */
        struct list_head  cls_done;
};

/**
 * Lock requirements(demand) for IO. It should be cl_io_lock_req,
 * but 'req' is always to be thought as 'request' :-)
 */
enum cl_io_lock_dmd {
        /** Always lock data (e.g., O_APPEND). */
        CILR_MANDATORY = 0,
        /** Layers are free to decide between local and global locking. */
        CILR_MAYBE,
        /** Never lock: there is no cache (e.g., liblustre). */
        CILR_NEVER
};

enum cl_fsync_mode {
        /** start writeback, do not wait for them to finish */
        CL_FSYNC_NONE           = 0,
        /** start writeback and wait for them to finish */
        CL_FSYNC_LOCAL          = 1,
        /** discard all of dirty pages in a specific file range */
        CL_FSYNC_DISCARD        = 2,
        /** start writeback and make sure they have reached storage before
         * return. OST_SYNC RPC must be issued and finished
         */
        CL_FSYNC_ALL            = 3,
        /** start writeback, thus the kernel can reclaim some memory */
        CL_FSYNC_RECLAIM        = 4,
};

struct cl_io_rw_common {
        loff_t  crw_pos;
        size_t  crw_bytes;
        int     crw_nonblock;
};
enum cl_setattr_subtype {
        /** regular setattr **/
        CL_SETATTR_REG = 1,
        /** truncate(2) **/
        CL_SETATTR_TRUNC,
        /** fallocate(2) - mode preallocate **/
        CL_SETATTR_FALLOCATE
};

struct cl_io_range {
        loff_t cir_pos;
        size_t cir_count;
};

struct cl_io_pt {
        struct cl_io_pt *cip_next;
        struct kiocb cip_iocb;
        struct iov_iter cip_iter;
        struct file *cip_file;
        enum cl_io_type cip_iot;
        unsigned int cip_need_restart:1;
        loff_t cip_pos;
        size_t cip_count;
        ssize_t cip_result;
};

/**
 * State for io.
 *
 * cl_io is shared by all threads participating in this IO (in current
 * implementation only one thread advances IO, but parallel IO design and
 * concurrent copy_*_user() require multiple threads acting on the same IO. It
 * is up to these threads to serialize their activities, including updates to
 * mutable cl_io fields.
 */
struct cl_io {
        /** type of this IO. Immutable after creation. */
        enum cl_io_type                ci_type;
        /** current state of cl_io state machine. */
        enum cl_io_state               ci_state;
        /** main object this io is against. Immutable after creation. */
        struct cl_object              *ci_obj;
        /** top level dio_aio */
        struct cl_dio_aio             *ci_dio_aio;
        /**
         * Upper layer io, of which this io is a part of. Immutable after
         * creation.
         */
        struct cl_io                  *ci_parent;
        /** List of slices. Immutable after creation. */
        struct list_head                ci_layers;
        /** list of locks (to be) acquired by this io. */
        struct cl_lockset              ci_lockset;
        /** lock requirements, this is just a help info for sublayers. */
        enum cl_io_lock_dmd            ci_lockreq;
        /** layout version when this IO occurs */
        __u32                           ci_layout_version;
        union {
                struct cl_rd_io {
                        struct cl_io_rw_common rd;
                } ci_rd;
                struct cl_wr_io {
                        struct cl_io_rw_common wr;
                        int                    wr_append;
                        int                    wr_sync;
                } ci_wr;
                struct cl_io_rw_common ci_rw;
                struct cl_setattr_io {
                        struct ost_lvb           sa_attr;
                        unsigned int             sa_attr_flags;
                        unsigned int             sa_avalid; /* ATTR_* */
                        unsigned int             sa_xvalid; /* OP_XVALID */
                        int                      sa_stripe_index;
                        struct ost_layout        sa_layout;
                        const struct lu_fid     *sa_parent_fid;
                        /* SETATTR interface is used for regular setattr, */
                        /* truncate(2) and fallocate(2) subtypes */
                        enum cl_setattr_subtype  sa_subtype;
                        /* The following are used for fallocate(2) */
                        int                      sa_falloc_mode;
                        loff_t                   sa_falloc_offset;
                        loff_t                   sa_falloc_end;
                        uid_t                    sa_falloc_uid;
                        gid_t                    sa_falloc_gid;
                        __u32                    sa_falloc_projid;
                } ci_setattr;
                struct cl_data_version_io {
                        u64 dv_data_version;
                        u32 dv_layout_version;
                        int dv_flags;
                } ci_data_version;
                struct cl_fault_io {
                        /** page index within file. */
                        pgoff_t         ft_index;
                        /** bytes valid byte on a faulted page. */
                        size_t          ft_bytes;
                        /** writable page? for nopage() only */
                        int             ft_writable;
                        /** page of an executable? */
                        int             ft_executable;
                        /** page_mkwrite() */
                        int             ft_mkwrite;
                        /** resulting page */
                        struct cl_page *ft_page;
                } ci_fault;
                struct cl_fsync_io {
                        loff_t             fi_start;
                        loff_t             fi_end;
                        /** file system level fid */
                        struct lu_fid     *fi_fid;
                        enum cl_fsync_mode fi_mode;
                        /* how many pages were written/discarded */
                        unsigned int       fi_nr_written;
                } ci_fsync;
                struct cl_ladvise_io {
                        __u64                    lio_start;
                        __u64                    lio_end;
                        /** file system level fid */
                        struct lu_fid           *lio_fid;
                        enum lu_ladvise_type     lio_advice;
                        __u64                    lio_flags;
                } ci_ladvise;
                struct cl_lseek_io {
                        loff_t                   ls_start;
                        loff_t                   ls_result;
                        int                      ls_whence;
                } ci_lseek;
                struct cl_misc_io {
                        time64_t                 lm_next_rpc_time;
                } ci_misc;
        } u;
        struct cl_2queue        ci_queue;
        size_t                  ci_bytes;
        int                     ci_result;
        unsigned int            ci_continue:1,
        /**
         * This io has held grouplock, to inform sublayers that
         * don't do lockless i/o.
         */
                             ci_no_srvlock:1,
        /**
         * The whole IO need to be restarted because layout has been changed
         */
                             ci_need_restart:1,
        /**
         * to not refresh layout - the IO issuer knows that the layout won't
         * change(page operations, layout change causes all page to be
         * discarded), or it doesn't matter if it changes(sync).
         */
                             ci_ignore_layout:1,
        /**
         * Need MDS intervention to complete a write.
         * Write intent is required for the following cases:
         * 1. component being written is not initialized, or
         * 2. the mirrored files are NOT in WRITE_PENDING state.
         */
                             ci_need_write_intent:1,
        /**
         * File is in PCC-RO state, need MDS intervention to complete
         * a data modifying operation.
         */
                             ci_need_pccro_clear:1,
        /**
         * Check if layout changed after the IO finishes. Mainly for HSM
         * requirement. If IO occurs to openning files, it doesn't need to
         * verify layout because HSM won't release openning files.
         * Right now, only two opertaions need to verify layout: glimpse
         * and setattr.
         */
                             ci_verify_layout:1,
        /**
         * file is released, restore has to to be triggered by vvp layer
         */
                             ci_restore_needed:1,
        /**
         * O_NOATIME
         */
                             ci_noatime:1,
        /* Tell sublayers not to expand LDLM locks requested for this IO */
                             ci_lock_no_expand:1,
        /**
         * Set if non-delay RPC should be used for this IO.
         *
         * If this file has multiple mirrors, and if the OSTs of the current
         * mirror is inaccessible, non-delay RPC would error out quickly so
         * that the upper layer can try to access the next mirror.
         */
                             ci_ndelay:1,
        /**
         * Set if IO is triggered by async workqueue readahead.
         */
                             ci_async_readahead:1,
        /**
         * Ignore lockless and do normal locking for this io.
         */
                             ci_dio_lock:1,
        /**
         * Set if we've tried all mirrors for this read IO, if it's not set,
         * the read IO will check to-be-read OSCs' status, and make fast-switch
         * another mirror if some of the OSTs are not healthy.
         */
                             ci_tried_all_mirrors:1,
        /**
         * Random read hints, readahead will be disabled.
         */
                             ci_rand_read:1,
        /**
         * Sequential read hints.
         */
                             ci_seq_read:1,
        /**
         * Do parallel (async) submission of DIO RPCs.  Note DIO is still sync
         * to userspace, only the RPCs are submitted async, then waited for at
         * the llite layer before returning.
         */
                             ci_parallel_dio:1,
        /**
         * this DIO is at least partly unaligned, and so the unaligned DIO
         * path is being used for this entire IO
         */
                             ci_unaligned_dio:1,
        /**
         * there is a compat issue with unupgraded ZFS targets which means we
         * must refuse to do unaligned DIO to these targets, so this is used
         * to annotate that in the IO (since we learn if there is a problematic
         * OST/MDT target as we build the IO)
         */
                             ci_target_is_zfs:1,
        /**
         * there is an interop issue with unpatched clients/servers that
         * exceed 4k read/write offsets with I/O exceeding LNET_MTU.
         * This flag cleared if a target is not patched.
         */
                             ci_allow_unaligned_dio:1,
        /**
         * Bypass quota check
         */
                             ci_noquota:1,
        /**
         * io_uring direct IO with flags IOCB_NOWAIT.
         */
                             ci_iocb_nowait:1,
        /**
         * The filesystem must exclusively acquire invalidate_lock before
         * invalidating page cache in truncate / hole punch / DLM extent
         * lock blocking AST path (and thus calling into ->invalidatepage)
         * to block races between page cache invalidation and page cache
         * filling functions (fault, read, ...)
         */
                             ci_invalidate_page_cache:1,
        /* was this IO switched from BIO to DIO for hybrid IO? */
                             ci_hybrid_switched:1;

        /**
         * How many times the read has retried before this one.
         * Set by the top level and consumed by the LOV.
         */
        unsigned int         ci_ndelay_tried;
        /**
         * Designated mirror index for this I/O.
         */
        unsigned int         ci_designated_mirror;
        /**
         * Number of pages owned by this IO. For invariant checking.
         */
        unsigned int         ci_owned_nr;
        /**
         * Range of write intent. Valid if ci_need_write_intent is set.
         */
        struct lu_extent     ci_write_intent;
};

/**
 * Per-transfer attributes.
 */
struct cl_req_attr {
        enum cl_req_type cra_type;
        u64              cra_flags;
        struct cl_page  *cra_page;
        /** Generic attributes for the server consumption. */
        struct obdo     *cra_oa;
        /** process jobid/uid/gid performing the io */
        struct job_info cra_jobinfo;
};

enum cache_stats_item {
        /** how many cache lookups were performed */
        CS_lookup = 0,
        /** how many times cache lookup resulted in a hit */
        CS_hit,
        /** how many entities are in the cache right now */
        CS_total,
        /** how many entities in the cache are actively used (and cannot be
         * evicted) right now
         */
        CS_busy,
        /** how many entities were created at all */
        CS_create,
        CS_NR
};

#define CS_NAMES { "lookup", "hit", "total", "busy", "create" }

/**
 * Stats for a generic cache (similar to inode, lu_object, etc. caches).
 */
struct cache_stats {
        const char      *cs_name;
        atomic_t        cs_stats[CS_NR];
};

/** These are not exported so far */
void cache_stats_init(struct cache_stats *cs, const char *name);

/**
 * Client-side site. This represents particular client stack. "Global"
 * variables should (directly or indirectly) be added here to allow multiple
 * clients to co-exist in the single address space.
 */
struct cl_site {
        struct lu_site          cs_lu;
        /**
         * Statistical counters. Atomics do not scale, something better like
         * per-cpu counters is needed.
         *
         * These are exported as /proc/fs/lustre/llite/.../site
         *
         * When interpreting keep in mind that both sub-locks (and sub-pages)
         * and top-locks (and top-pages) are accounted here.
         */
        struct cache_stats      cs_pages;
        atomic_t                cs_pages_state[CPS_NR];
};

int  cl_site_init(struct cl_site *s, struct cl_device *top);
void cl_site_fini(struct cl_site *s);
void cl_stack_fini(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_device *cl);

/**
 * Output client site statistical counters into a buffer. Suitable for
 * ll_rd_*()-style functions.
 */
int cl_site_stats_print(const struct cl_site *site, struct seq_file *m);

/**
 * \name helpers
 *
 * Type conversion and accessory functions.
 */

static inline struct cl_site *lu2cl_site(const struct lu_site *site)
{
        return container_of(site, struct cl_site, cs_lu);
}

static inline struct cl_device *lu2cl_dev(const struct lu_device *d)
{
        LASSERT(d == NULL || IS_ERR(d) || lu_device_is_cl(d));
        return container_of_safe(d, struct cl_device, cd_lu_dev);
}

static inline struct lu_device *cl2lu_dev(struct cl_device *d)
{
        return &d->cd_lu_dev;
}

static inline struct cl_object *lu2cl(const struct lu_object *o)
{
        LASSERT(o == NULL || IS_ERR(o) || lu_device_is_cl(o->lo_dev));
        return container_of_safe(o, struct cl_object, co_lu);
}

static inline const struct cl_object_conf *
lu2cl_conf(const struct lu_object_conf *conf)
{
        return container_of_safe(conf, struct cl_object_conf, coc_lu);
}

static inline struct cl_object *cl_object_next(const struct cl_object *obj)
{
        return obj ? lu2cl(lu_object_next(&obj->co_lu)) : NULL;
}

static inline struct cl_object_header *luh2coh(const struct lu_object_header *h)
{
        return container_of_safe(h, struct cl_object_header, coh_lu);
}

static inline struct cl_site *cl_object_site(const struct cl_object *obj)
{
        return lu2cl_site(obj->co_lu.lo_dev->ld_site);
}

static inline
struct cl_object_header *cl_object_header(const struct cl_object *obj)
{
        return luh2coh(obj->co_lu.lo_header);
}

static inline int cl_device_init(struct cl_device *d, struct lu_device_type *t)
{
        return lu_device_init(&d->cd_lu_dev, t);
}

static inline void cl_device_fini(struct cl_device *d)
{
        lu_device_fini(&d->cd_lu_dev);
}

void cl_page_slice_add(struct cl_page *page, struct cl_page_slice *slice,
                       struct cl_object *obj,
                       const struct cl_page_operations *ops);
void cl_lock_slice_add(struct cl_lock *lock, struct cl_lock_slice *slice,
                       struct cl_object *obj,
                       const struct cl_lock_operations *ops);
void cl_io_slice_add(struct cl_io *io, struct cl_io_slice *slice,
                     struct cl_object *obj, const struct cl_io_operations *ops);

struct cl_object *cl_object_top(struct cl_object *o);
struct cl_object *cl_object_find(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_device *cd,
                                 const struct lu_fid *fid,
                                 const struct cl_object_conf *c);

int  cl_object_header_init(struct cl_object_header *h);
void cl_object_header_fini(struct cl_object_header *h);
void cl_object_put(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *o);
void cl_object_get(struct cl_object *o);
void cl_object_attr_lock(struct cl_object *o);
void cl_object_attr_unlock(struct cl_object *o);
int  cl_object_attr_get(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                        struct cl_attr *attr);
int  cl_object_attr_update(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                           const struct cl_attr *attr, unsigned int valid);
void cl_object_dirty_for_sync(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj);
int  cl_object_glimpse(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                       struct ost_lvb *lvb);
int  cl_conf_set(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                 const struct cl_object_conf *conf);
int  cl_object_prune(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj);
void cl_object_kill(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj);
int cl_object_getstripe(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                        struct lov_user_md __user *lum, size_t size);
int cl_object_fiemap(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                     struct ll_fiemap_info_key *fmkey, struct fiemap *fiemap,
                     size_t *buflen);
int cl_object_layout_get(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                         struct cl_layout *cl);
loff_t cl_object_maxbytes(struct cl_object *obj);
int cl_object_flush(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                    struct ldlm_lock *lock);
int cl_object_inode_ops(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                        enum coo_inode_opc opc, void *data);


/**
 * Returns true, iff \a o0 and \a o1 are slices of the same object.
 */
static inline int cl_object_same(struct cl_object *o0, struct cl_object *o1)
{
        return cl_object_header(o0) == cl_object_header(o1);
}

static inline void cl_object_page_init(struct cl_object *clob, int size)
{
        clob->co_slice_off = cl_object_header(clob)->coh_page_bufsize;
        cl_object_header(clob)->coh_page_bufsize += round_up(size, 8);
        WARN_ON(cl_object_header(clob)->coh_page_bufsize > 512);
}

static inline void *cl_object_page_slice(struct cl_object *clob,
                                         struct cl_page *page)
{
        return (void *)((char *)page + clob->co_slice_off);
}

/**
 * Return refcount of cl_object.
 */
static inline int cl_object_refc(struct cl_object *clob)
{
        struct lu_object_header *header = clob->co_lu.lo_header;

        return atomic_read(&header->loh_ref);
}

/* cl_page */
struct cl_page *cl_page_find(const struct lu_env *env,
                             struct cl_object *obj,
                             pgoff_t idx, struct page *vmpage,
                             enum cl_page_type type);
struct cl_page *cl_page_alloc(const struct lu_env *env,
                              struct cl_object *o, pgoff_t ind,
                              struct page *vmpage,
                              enum cl_page_type type);
void cl_page_get(struct cl_page *page);
void cl_page_put(const struct lu_env *env,
                            struct cl_page *page);
void cl_batch_put(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_page *page,
                  struct folio_batch *fbatch);
void cl_page_print(const struct lu_env *env, void *cookie,
                   lu_printer_t printer, const struct cl_page *pg);
void cl_page_header_print(const struct lu_env *env, void *cookie,
                          lu_printer_t printer, const struct cl_page *pg);
struct cl_page *cl_vmpage_page(struct page *vmpage, struct cl_object *obj);

/**
 * \name ownership
 *
 * Functions dealing with the ownership of page by io.
 */

int cl_page_own(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                struct cl_page *page);
int cl_page_own_try(const struct lu_env *env,
                    struct cl_io *io, struct cl_page *page);
void cl_page_assume(const struct lu_env *env,
                    struct cl_io *io, struct cl_page *page);
void cl_page_unassume(const struct lu_env *env,
                      struct cl_io *io, struct cl_page *pg);
void cl_page_disown(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                    struct cl_page *page);
int cl_page_is_owned(const struct cl_page *pg, const struct cl_io *io);

/**
 * \name transfer
 *
 * Functions dealing with the preparation of a page for a transfer, and
 * tracking transfer state.
 */
int cl_page_prep(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                 struct cl_page *pg, enum cl_req_type crt);
void cl_page_completion(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_page *pg,
                         enum cl_req_type crt, int ioret);
int cl_page_make_ready(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_page *pg,
                       enum cl_req_type crt);
int cl_page_cache_add(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                      struct cl_page *pg, enum cl_req_type crt);
void cl_page_clip(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_page *pg,
                  int from, int to);
int cl_page_flush(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                  struct cl_page *pg);

/**
 * \name helper routines
 * Functions to discard, delete and export a cl_page.
 */
void cl_page_discard(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                     struct cl_page *pg);
void cl_page_delete(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_page *pg);
void cl_page_touch(const struct lu_env *env, const struct cl_page *pg,
                   size_t to);
void cl_lock_print(const struct lu_env *env, void *cookie,
                   lu_printer_t printer, const struct cl_lock *lock);
void cl_lock_descr_print(const struct lu_env *env, void *cookie,
                         lu_printer_t printer,
                         const struct cl_lock_descr *descr);

/**
 * Data structure managing a client's cached pages. A count of
 * "unstable" pages is maintained, and an LRU of clean pages is
 * maintained. "unstable" pages are pages pinned by the ptlrpc
 * layer for recovery purposes.
 */
struct cl_client_cache {
        /**
         * # of client cache refcount
         * # of users (OSCs) + 2 (held by llite and lov)
         */
        refcount_t              ccc_users;
        /**
         * # of threads are doing shrinking
         */
        unsigned int            ccc_lru_shrinkers;
        /**
         * # of LRU entries available
         */
        atomic_long_t           ccc_lru_left;
        /**
         * List of entities(OSCs) for this LRU cache
         */
        struct list_head        ccc_lru;
        /**
         * Max # of LRU entries
         */
        unsigned long           ccc_lru_max;
        /**
         * Lock to protect ccc_lru list
         */
        spinlock_t              ccc_lru_lock;
        /**
         * Set if unstable check is enabled
         */
        unsigned int            ccc_unstable_check:1;
        /**
         * # of unstable pages for this mount point
         */
        atomic_long_t           ccc_unstable_nr;
        /**
         * Serialize max_cache_mb write operation
         */
        struct mutex            ccc_max_cache_mb_lock;
};
/**
 * cl_cache functions
 */
struct cl_client_cache *cl_cache_init(unsigned long lru_page_max);
void cl_cache_incref(struct cl_client_cache *cache);
void cl_cache_decref(struct cl_client_cache *cache);

/* cl_lock */
int cl_lock_request(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                    struct cl_lock *lock);
int cl_lock_init(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_lock *lock,
                 const struct cl_io *io);
void cl_lock_fini(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_lock *lock);
const struct cl_lock_slice *cl_lock_at(const struct cl_lock *lock,
                                       const struct lu_device_type *dtype);
void cl_lock_release(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_lock *lock);

int cl_lock_enqueue(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                    struct cl_lock *lock, struct cl_sync_io *anchor);
void cl_lock_cancel(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_lock *lock);

/* cl_io */
int   cl_io_init(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                 enum cl_io_type iot, struct cl_object *obj);
int   cl_io_sub_init(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                     enum cl_io_type iot, struct cl_object *obj);
int   cl_io_rw_init(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                    enum cl_io_type iot, loff_t pos, size_t bytes);
int   cl_io_loop(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io);

void  cl_io_fini(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io);
int   cl_io_iter_init(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io);
void  cl_io_iter_fini(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io);
int   cl_io_lock(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io);
void  cl_io_unlock(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io);
int   cl_io_start(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io);
void  cl_io_end(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io);
int   cl_io_lock_add(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                     struct cl_io_lock_link *link);
int   cl_io_lock_alloc_add(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                           struct cl_lock_descr *descr);
int   cl_io_submit_rw(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                      enum cl_req_type iot, struct cl_2queue *queue);
int   cl_io_submit_sync(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                        enum cl_req_type iot, struct cl_2queue *queue,
                        long timeout);
int   cl_io_commit_async(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                          struct cl_page_list *queue, int from, int to,
                          cl_commit_cbt cb);
void  cl_io_extent_release(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io);
int cl_io_lru_reserve(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                      loff_t pos, size_t bytes);
int   cl_io_read_ahead(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                       pgoff_t start, struct cl_read_ahead *ra);
void  cl_io_rw_advance(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                       size_t bytes);

/**
 * True, iff \a io is an O_APPEND write(2).
 */
static inline int cl_io_is_append(const struct cl_io *io)
{
        return io->ci_type == CIT_WRITE && io->u.ci_wr.wr_append;
}

static inline int cl_io_is_sync_write(const struct cl_io *io)
{
        return io->ci_type == CIT_WRITE && io->u.ci_wr.wr_sync;
}

static inline int cl_io_is_mkwrite(const struct cl_io *io)
{
        return io->ci_type == CIT_FAULT && io->u.ci_fault.ft_mkwrite;
}

/**
 * True, iff \a io is a truncate(2).
 */
static inline int cl_io_is_trunc(const struct cl_io *io)
{
        return io->ci_type == CIT_SETATTR &&
                (io->u.ci_setattr.sa_avalid & ATTR_SIZE) &&
                (io->u.ci_setattr.sa_subtype != CL_SETATTR_FALLOCATE);
}

static inline int cl_io_is_fallocate(const struct cl_io *io)
{
        return (io->ci_type == CIT_SETATTR) &&
               (io->u.ci_setattr.sa_subtype == CL_SETATTR_FALLOCATE);
}

struct cl_io *cl_io_top(struct cl_io *io);

#define CL_IO_SLICE_CLEAN(obj, base) memset_startat(obj, 0, base)

/* cl_page_list */
/**
 * Last page in the page list.
 */
static inline struct cl_page *cl_page_list_last(struct cl_page_list *plist)
{
        LASSERT(plist->pl_nr > 0);
        return list_entry(plist->pl_pages.prev, struct cl_page, cp_batch);
}

static inline struct cl_page *cl_page_list_first(struct cl_page_list *plist)
{
        LASSERT(plist->pl_nr > 0);
        return list_first_entry(&plist->pl_pages, struct cl_page, cp_batch);
}

/**
 * Iterate over pages in a page list.
 */
#define cl_page_list_for_each(page, list)                               \
        list_for_each_entry((page), &(list)->pl_pages, cp_batch)

/**
 * Iterate over pages in a page list, taking possible removals into account.
 */
#define cl_page_list_for_each_safe(page, temp, list)                    \
        list_for_each_entry_safe((page), (temp), &(list)->pl_pages, cp_batch)

void cl_page_list_init(struct cl_page_list *plist);
void cl_page_list_add(struct cl_page_list *plist, struct cl_page *page,
                      bool getref);
void cl_page_list_move(struct cl_page_list *dst, struct cl_page_list *src,
                       struct cl_page *page);
void cl_page_list_move_head(struct cl_page_list *dst, struct cl_page_list *src,
                            struct cl_page *page);
void cl_page_list_splice(struct cl_page_list *list,
                         struct cl_page_list *head);
void cl_page_list_del(const struct lu_env *env,
                      struct cl_page_list *plist, struct cl_page *page,
                      bool putref);
void cl_page_list_disown(const struct lu_env *env,
                         struct cl_page_list *plist);
void cl_page_list_assume(const struct lu_env *env,
                         struct cl_io *io, struct cl_page_list *plist);
void cl_page_list_discard(const struct lu_env *env,
                          struct cl_io *io, struct cl_page_list *plist);
void cl_page_list_fini(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_page_list *plist);

void cl_2queue_init(struct cl_2queue *queue);
void cl_2queue_disown(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_2queue *queue);
void cl_2queue_assume(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                      struct cl_2queue *queue);
void cl_2queue_discard(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_io *io,
                       struct cl_2queue *queue);
void cl_2queue_fini(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_2queue *queue);
void cl_2queue_init_page(struct cl_2queue *queue, struct cl_page *page);

void cl_req_attr_set(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_object *obj,
                     struct cl_req_attr *attr);

/* cl_sync_io */
struct cl_sync_io;
struct cl_dio_aio;
struct cl_sub_dio;

typedef void (cl_sync_io_end_t)(const struct lu_env *, struct cl_sync_io *);

void cl_sync_io_init_notify(struct cl_sync_io *anchor, int nr, void *dio_aio,
                            cl_sync_io_end_t *end);

int cl_sync_io_wait(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_sync_io *anchor,
                    long timeout);
void cl_sync_io_note(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_sync_io *anchor,
                     int ioret);
int cl_sync_io_wait_recycle(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_sync_io *anchor,
                            long timeout, int ioret);
struct cl_dio_aio *cl_dio_aio_alloc(struct kiocb *iocb, struct cl_object *obj,
                                    bool is_aio);
struct cl_sub_dio *cl_sub_dio_alloc(struct cl_dio_aio *ll_aio,
                                    struct iov_iter *iter, bool write,
                                    bool unaligned, bool sync);
void cl_dio_aio_free(const struct lu_env *env, struct cl_dio_aio *aio);
void cl_sub_dio_free(struct cl_sub_dio *sdio);
static inline void cl_sync_io_init(struct cl_sync_io *anchor, int nr)
{
        cl_sync_io_init_notify(anchor, nr, NULL, NULL);
}

/**
 * Anchor for synchronous transfer. This is allocated on a stack by thread
 * doing synchronous transfer, and a pointer to this structure is set up in
 * every page submitted for transfer. Transfer completion routine updates
 * anchor and wakes up waiting thread when transfer is complete.
 */
struct cl_sync_io {
        /** number of pages yet to be transferred. */
        atomic_t                csi_sync_nr;
        /** has this i/o completed? */
        atomic_t                csi_complete;
        /** error code. */
        int                     csi_sync_rc;
        /** completion to be signaled when transfer is complete. */
        wait_queue_head_t       csi_waitq;
        /** callback to invoke when this IO is finished */
        cl_sync_io_end_t       *csi_end_io;
        /* private pointer for an associated DIO/AIO */
        void                   *csi_dio_aio;
};

/** direct IO pages */
struct ll_dio_pages {
        /*
         * page array for RDMA - for aligned i/o, this is the user provided
         * pages, but for unaligned i/o, this is the internal buffer
         */
        struct page             **ldp_pages;
        /** # of pages in the array. */
        size_t                  ldp_count;
        /* the file offset of the first page. */
        loff_t                  ldp_file_offset;
};

/* Top level struct used for AIO and DIO */
struct cl_dio_aio {
        struct cl_sync_io       cda_sync;
        struct cl_object        *cda_obj;
        struct kiocb            *cda_iocb;
        ssize_t                 cda_bytes;
        struct mm_struct        *cda_mm;
        unsigned                cda_no_aio_complete:1,
                                cda_creator_free:1;
};

struct cl_iter_dup {
        void            *id_vec;             /* dup'd vec (iov/bvec/kvec) */
        size_t          id_vec_size;         /* bytes allocated for id_vec */
};

/* Sub-dio used for splitting DIO (and AIO, because AIO is DIO) according to
 * the layout/striping, so we can do parallel submit of DIO RPCs
 */
struct cl_sub_dio {
        struct cl_sync_io       csd_sync;
        struct cl_page_list     csd_pages;
        ssize_t                 csd_bytes;
        struct cl_dio_aio       *csd_ll_aio;
        struct ll_dio_pages     csd_dio_pages;
        struct iov_iter         csd_iter;
        struct cl_iter_dup      csd_dup;
        spinlock_t              csd_lock;
        unsigned                csd_creator_free:1,
                                csd_write:1,
                                csd_unaligned:1,
                                csd_write_copied:1;
};

static inline u64 cl_io_nob_aligned(u64 off, u32 nob, u32 pgsz)
{
        return (((nob / pgsz) - 1) * pgsz) + (pgsz - (off & (pgsz - 1)));
}

void ll_release_user_pages(struct page **pages, int npages);
int ll_allocate_dio_buffer(struct ll_dio_pages *pvec, size_t io_size);
void ll_free_dio_buffer(struct ll_dio_pages *pvec);
ssize_t ll_dio_user_copy(struct cl_sub_dio *sdio);

#ifndef HAVE_KTHREAD_USE_MM
#define kthread_use_mm(mm) use_mm(mm)
#define kthread_unuse_mm(mm) unuse_mm(mm)
#endif

/** \defgroup cl_env cl_env
 *
 * lu_env handling for a client.
 *
 * lu_env is an environment within which lustre code executes. Its major part
 * is lu_context---a fast memory allocation mechanism that is used to conserve
 * precious kernel stack space. Originally lu_env was designed for a server,
 * where
 *
 *     - there is a (mostly) fixed number of threads, and
 *
 *     - call chains have no non-lustre portions inserted between lustre code.
 *
 * On a client both these assumtpion fails, because every user thread can
 * potentially execute lustre code as part of a system call, and lustre calls
 * into VFS or MM that call back into lustre.
 *
 * To deal with that, cl_env wrapper functions implement the following
 * optimizations:
 *
 *     - allocation and destruction of environment is amortized by caching no
 *     longer used environments instead of destroying them;
 *
 * \see lu_env, lu_context, lu_context_key
 */

/* cl_env */
struct lu_env *cl_env_get(__u16 *refcheck);
struct lu_env *cl_env_alloc(__u16 *refcheck, __u32 tags);
void cl_env_put(struct lu_env *env, __u16 *refcheck);
unsigned int cl_env_cache_purge(unsigned int nr);
struct lu_env *cl_env_percpu_get(void);
void cl_env_percpu_put(struct lu_env *env);


/*
 * Misc
 */
void cl_attr2lvb(struct ost_lvb *lvb, const struct cl_attr *attr);
void cl_lvb2attr(struct cl_attr *attr, const struct ost_lvb *lvb);

struct cl_device *cl_type_setup(const struct lu_env *env, struct lu_site *site,
                                struct lu_device_type *ldt,
                                struct lu_device *next);

int cl_global_init(void);
void cl_global_fini(void);

int lov_read_and_clear_async_rc(struct cl_object *clob);

#endif /* _LINUX_CL_OBJECT_H */